The URL can be used to link to this page

Home My WebLink About _ 9.1(b)--Accept Report regarding a City of Redding fiber optic broadband network � � �' � � � � � � ' � �' � � ' � ` CITY OF REDDING REPORT TO THE CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: August 20, 2024 FROM: Jason Gibilisco, Management ITEIVI NO. 9.1(b) Assistant to the City M�anager ***APPROVED BY*** � 3a�,c �s ,. s�n:sgc�ra� t. ,.av�ant t�J tPa��'�ty�1.�srsqz�r #S'1?''{)?2 }�= Ip�ti2,��1 �S2 Q' $�f]�i,'�{}°7 jgibilisco@cityofredding.org btippin@cityofredding.org SUBJECT: 9.1(b)--Consider report regarding a City of Redding fiber optic broadband network. Recommendation Accept the report regarding a City of Redding fiber optic broadband network and provide direction on next steps. Fiscal Impact There could be no fiscal impact if the City Council (Council) accepts the report and provides no further direction to staf£ If the Council directs staff to issue a request for proposals or request for qualifications for a City of Redding (City) fiber optic network, the cost could greatly vary depending on how the City wants to pursue it. A full build out of a City fiber optic network to all buildings and City customers could exceed $180 million which could be financed by the City, private developers, or a combination of both. The City currently pays recurring payments to AT&T and Spectrum for all internal connectivity. These costs increase over time and the City currently has no way to manage or administer throughput without continual cost increases. Alternative Action The City Council could choose to not accept the report. Background/Analysis Internet has become an essential part of everyday life for people, businesses, and governments. The need for fast and reliable internet allows for a broader range of internet use and are major factors when selecting an internet service provider(ISP)by a customer. Report to Redding City Council August 15,2024 Re: 9.1(b)--Accept Report regarding a City of Redding fiber optic broadband network Page 2 Broadband, which is the term used for high speed internet, can be utilized over Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Cab1e, Wireless, and Fiber Optic Cab1e. Speeds and reliability can drastically vary across the various forms of broadband. The Federal Communications Commission defines broadband as 100 Megabits per second (Mbps) downstream speed (amount of data a person can receive) and 20 Mbps upstream speed (amount of data a person can send). Fiber optic cable is capable of up to symmetrical speeds of up to 25 million Mbps. This is exceptionally faster than all other broadband options and is the superior broadband option. Fiber optic cable is considered a 100-year technology due to reliability and speeds, regardless of weather, user traffic and distance, with no throughput. As a result of better speeds and reliability, users have clearer streaming of high-resolution videos, smooth online meetings and appointments, fast downloading and uploading, and better online security. In 2017, Council Member McElvain presented two separate reports to the Council that outlined options to pursue fiber broadband in the downtown core. The Council Members at the time were concerned regarding the burden on the City's general fund. Council agreed for staff to proceed in gathering more information about pursuing an internet utility for the City. A Master Broadband Plan was submitted in April 2019 by Geographical Information Center at California State University — Chico (GIC). The plan completed by GIC recommended potential upgrades and expansion to existing infrastructure and assessment of services offered by TSPs. On September 3, 2019, Council approved an agreement with EntryPoint Networks to develop a City-wide Internet Utility Master Plan including a risk and cost analysis. EntryPoint's Broadband Masterplan, took in all regions of the City which included the City's demographics and business uses. EntryPoint's Broadband Master Plan takes Redding Electric Utility's (REU) efforts into consideration and provides information that can be used in a strategy that would allow broadband service to the entire community including cost structure, risk analysis, and potential phases of construction. At that time, REU had intentions to connect the City's Power Plant to fast trip relays at the Oregon Street substation via fiber optic cable, REU's intent was to provide a �ber optic ring around the City, utilizing existing right-of-way and pole connections via REI7's 115kV transmission system. This would have connected critical electric infrastructure and City buildings. Due to changes in technology and business processes, ultimately REU did not require the fiber optic ring around the City and ceased the project. On May 4, 2021, the Council accepted the City broadband project update and postponed further development of fiber-to-the-home internet utility until the fiber ring is constructed or until legislation directs otherwise. The key to implementing fiber-to-the-home during this time was REU's buildout of the fiber optic ring. This would have been the backbone to build out the fiber optic cable infrastructure to residents and businesses. As the REU project was discontinued, so to was the City's pursuit of a city-wide fiber system. In the past year, the City has been contacted by multiple fiber optic development companies on what the City would require in deploying a �ber optic network in the City. Many cities throughout California have implemented various options of their own fiber optic networks in their respective cities. This includes city-owned and operated broadband service, and public private partnerships in broadband service. Many cities cite economic benefits for implementing fiber optic networks in their communities as a way to anchor and attract businesses. Report to Redding City Council August 15,2024 Re: 9.1(b)--Accept Report regarding a City of Redding fiber optic broadband network Page 3 The recently approved 2045 General Plan includes supporting infrastructure to promote economic activity. This includes implementing fiber optic technology, public WiFi in downtown, parks and other key areas around the City. The 2045 General Plan also includes reducing barriers to equitable technologies, and encourage economic drivers to anchor institutions for broadband rollout. There are various options the City can pursue if the Council chooses to pursue a City fiber optic network: Option 1. The City could own and build a fiber optic network. This option was previously discussed in 2017 and the years following, and the Council was concerned with the additional burden to the general fund. This would not be a viable option as the costs are likely to exceed $180 million. Option 2 Fiber optic cable has slowly been rolled out in various parts of the City from incumbent ISPs. The City is not aware of the extent of incumbent fiber optic installation that has occurred in the City. The City has the option to allow fiber developers to pursue normal development and use of the public right-of-way. Option 3 If the City were to take an action with pursuing a City fiber optic network, City staff would recoinmend forming a public private partnership or hybrid model with a fiber optic developer. This can be done by either issuing a request for proposals or a request for qualifications. This would allow the City to have an influence in how a fiber optic network is developed in the City. The City can also seek other possible partners with other local agencies such as school districts, colleges, Shasta County, and federal or state agencies. The City has the option to exchange certain services that could assist in offsetting costs for the City and its users. With rising broadband costs for the City, the City has the option to leverage the use of City-owned power poles and can streamline the permitting process for a fiber optic developer. The City could ask for dark fiber to all City buildings and/or reduced rates for customers to help offset costs. Dark �ber would allow the City to operate its own broadband service without needing to depend on an ISP for internal connectivity. The City could also pursue implementing public WiFi downtown or at the City's parks in line with the 2045 General Plan. The City may need to contribute some capital costs depending on how much influence the City wants over network operations. In the partnership model there is the option of a closed or open access network. The open access model would allow multiple ISPs to operate on the fiber optic cable network managed by a neutral host versus one ISP for closed access. Users being able to select from multiple ISPs of their choice allows for competition from the ISPs in an effort to keep rates down. In a closed access network there would be a set price for all users and only one ISP to operate on the fiber optic Network. If another ISP wanted to enter the City market, they would need to install their own fiber optic cable. For these reasons a closed access network may not be the best option. Report to Redding City Council August 15,2024 Re: 9.1(b)--Accept Report regarding a City of Redding fiber optic broadband network Page 4 With the Council's direction, staff can either cease discussions with fiber development companies and monitor future fiber deployment in the City or pursue a partnership through a request for proposals or a request for qualifications, to bring a fiber optic network to the City. Environmental Review This is not a project defined under the California Environmental Quality Act, and no further action is required Council PrioNity/City Manage� Goals • This is a routine operational item. Attachments EntryPoint Network Broadband Master Plan 2020 Geographical Inforination Center Redding Master Broadband P1an 2019 i v �ff f 5k^ J _ # �. .: s � 1,��.:..:. ... .... .�"�' .�. s r� .:.. w' t! �� . � � �... � f{e �...�'��m'A�.a'��.'�„�v.�i„@w�.�w�b'Wt,�a�'�sy✓�Yw��.��'i�',m�.�'w.'dm:W',�r�,�°':"��.m,'��'{i�.w.�,�"w��$P��"."P�� .u� � � a : > ' f .. p4 .; ��,.. ft P��a�� ` E r �t�ie �ddir�g C��y ��u��f � �, �� '� �� r�� 2 Q�� _ � � —,Prepared By— 1 ��-�--�w�� www.entpnt.cam � � ��=z�� ' �d,, �� , � �� " � � . � � � ��. .� � � �� I. Executiue Summ'ary II, StrategY I I1. S1N�JT Analysis I�l. Infrastru�ture V, Assessm�r�t of Existing Broadbar�d Ir�frastructure t/I, Market Analysis VI1. Commur�i�� ng�gement Timeline V111. Com�unity Enga�ement Plan Ix. Early �t�rnrmut��y Eng��r�ent X. Redding Broadb�r�d Survey R�sults XI. Municipal Bra�db��d Models Com}��risan XIi. Network Design XIII. Praject Partners XIV. Cost Analysis & Phasing a. Projected C�pital Expenditures and Fun�ing b. Projected Income and Cash Flaw XV. Financing Cc�nsiderations XV1. Legal Considera�ic�r�s XVI1. Risk Analysis XVI I1. Summary and Conclusions Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 1 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � ��t��V� �1��1�`1�� The Redding,�alifornia City�ouncil has requested this Broadband Master Plan to assist with a planning and decision=making process for broadband infrastructure for the city;The informatic�n in this repart will be used ta help city leaders understand whether city owned infrastructure can lower broadband costs and inccease the value for resider�ts,corrimercial entities,anchor institutions and the city itself:Additiorrally,city leaders seek ta understand the c�perational implicati€�ns,important risk factars,and a reaiistic cost framework for managing city owned fiber l/7 c7Q��U`l�10/7 t0 9'UES'tJOt7S optic infr�astructur�:. O�COStS c7/7G?�//77,1�i`CJl/�Q' The Broadband MasC�r Plan is a living document that shou(d evo(ve as Redding pursues some or n�tWOr�C 5p�edS tfje C�ty all of the proposed brt�adband initiatives in this report and progresses fram plarrning to implementatian to r��rerational activities.The enclosed plan is a companion document to the S2�'lCS tC1 UI2G��l`Stal7Cl tl?� work done in 2018 by the�eographical tnformation�enter at California State University,Ghico. poter�tial impact of Err additican tc�questions c�f costs and improved network speeds,the eity seeks to understand the ;bYO�Q�.bal7C?�//7f/"a:StrUCtUt"E potential impact c�f braadb��ici infrastructure on ecor�omic development,livabifity, public safety, Ol7 eG0/7017]!C ��ation, health�ar`e,emergency�ommunications,smart grid,efficient government services, universal aeeess;enviranmental stewardship and smart city initiatives. de�eldprnent, /i�ability, . , By pursuing thisi6raadfaand M�ster Plan,R�dd"mg`s leaders are laying the groundwork fior ;(�U,6//C Sc�f�t�/, 2C?�UCat/C1/7; Strategies that cat�fae implet�ented to scal�e r�ear-term and lang-term ehallenges. healthcare, emergency Key planning decisians that may be aided by this r`�part include the follovving: communications; smart �'i`!Q; G'�J`IC/GIIt C�"OV�'YC)/�`IeCJt • Has broadband infrastruct�tre risen to the l�vel of importance that it'is essential? SGl"l/IGeS, Ul"J1l/Gi"Sal aCCeSS, • Should the City owtn and cantrc�i k�rcradband inf��structure? el'Jl1/l"Ol7/7`J�`l'ltal • 5hould the city be a service provider? SteWarQ�S'�t�p ahQ'Sl7lart • Should the city have ane ISP ar many ISP's? C/t�///7/t/c�tl�li�S. • Should participation in the networ'k be vc�lu►�t�ry or m�ndatory? • Should subscribers share in the financial respansibiiityfar infrastructure deployment;i.e: treat broadband infrastructure as an irr�provement ta the property to mitigate risk for the city? • Shouldthe architecture be designed for a Passive Qp#ical netwark(PC}N}or a 5witched Ethernet network? • Haw can network design be optimized for cost;functi�nality;risk mitigation,and alignment with strategy? • What are the variaus business madels that have been deployed by other cities and what is the aptimal business model for Redding? This report seeks to prouide the data needed for city leaders to thoughtfullyevaluate these questions and implement a strategy that will benefit residec�ts,businesses and ancl�or institutians for years to came:The key focus of the report is on three potential prc�jects the City of Redding is considering.These include: Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 2 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � 1) Increase the Fiber Count for the REU Broadband Project for Gity af Redding iJse REU plans ta connect its electrical grid for real-time sontrol and managerrrent of its infrastructure. The Gity has an opportunity ta increase the fiber count of the REU fiber deployrrrent for use by the City of Redding. 2j City INET—Buiid Fiber t3ptic IVetwc�rk to Connect City Asse#s The Gity of Redding is currently paying incumbent operators to connect city buildings and assets; including REU infrastructure:The city is analyzing the potential valae af replacing some ar all its outsourced cc�nnections with fiber that is owned and operated by the City a�Redding. �� iedding Pilot�ollawed by Potential City-wide Fiber Optic Network to Resider�ts and Businesses (n 2017,the City of F�eclding start�d the proc�ss of considering a patential €3owntown Redding Internet UtilitY(Pilot).A whitepaper was prepared which stated that"the Gity of Redding is cansidering a proposal to research,develop,and irr�plement a new fiber Internet utility service. This ir�itial service would be offered in the dov+rntown area of Redding and serve as a pilot phase for k�t�th'r�sidential�nc�cc�mrner�ia!custamers." This report adds tc�that initial whitepaper and the work done by the 6iC at�alifornia State University,Chict�by providing prc�j�ctions far per premise costs and total costs. A potential Pilot ar��has nt�t been selecteci but the gaal would be ta s�lect an area that allows Gity leaders to properly;evatuate a pr�terttia�city-wide Redding Fiber rtetwork, including costs; aptional business models,and risks involved in a ubiquitous city-wide fiber optic network.. �� Deploying a city-wide fiber optic network is a signific�nt public works and informatian technalagY project. Key Strategic Ideas guiding this Pian include the foll�wing' 1. Democratize Access—The economy is naw an infarmation eeonomy and the importance of digital infrastructure continues to grow in significance.The Gity of Redding has an interest in ensuringthat the city has robust digita[infrastructure and adopts policies and projects that make 1 Gig access avai}abfe and affardable throughout the city for residents,busir�esses,and anchor institutions,including low income,socio-ecanomically disadvantaged,and all K-12 students'. 2. Foster Competition&Choice—The eity seeks ta evaluate options that will increase the number af service providers and services available to Redding residents. 3. Foster Innovation&Economic Development=City leaders are interested in ways a network may be used in innovative ways to increase entrepreneurship and business deve[opment within the city. Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 3 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � 4. Alignment wi#h Subscribers—City leaders seek to understand the needs and interests c�f netwark stakeholders ar�d then align policies;initiatives and projects with those'rnterests: 5. Mitigate Risk for#he City—Redding leaders are particularly interesfed in rnfrastructure business models which mitigate financial and operationai risks to the Gity while at the same time help the city achieve its ather objectives. �� c�� : ��i �fi� i�� ;�� r�r��i��t �� r�� ; �� °��1� �r�� ' � �� ..; � � � ;;. ,. �� i �� c��~� i� Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page �4 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � �� C��I� The SWOT Analysis included here is not an analysis of current offerings within Redding. Ratl�er; the analysis cansiders the 5trengths;Weakr�esses,{�pportunit'res and Threats related ta advancing the prc�jects under consideration in this report: � � �,r " � � � ,,t� � � � �� SVI/ T ��$ {� � °�,� '� � A R!A L Y S f S. ��y � �t�� '=,t� ;P��, �� „u �� f Redding has successfully operated and grown the Redding Electrica(Utility inta a low cost and sophisticated utility operatioii: REU is evEdence of the poterrtial ��°�� value of a IacalCy cantralled utility that can be organized ta be responsive ta fc�cal needs.The City eurrently successfuify operates and maintains City facility �iber infrastructure and interconneetivity. Current service offerings throughout much of the city provide 100+Nlbps �� speeds—which is adequate for many purpases.Regulations impose unique costs fc,r�city-sponsored pra�ect. Th�E��U projecC tc�connect its infrastructure with fiber optic cable enables ��..��..�� cspportuniti�sfc�i'theC�tytc�lowercostsandimpravenetv�rc�rkflexibilityforcity connectiar�s�nd anchor institutions wsthin City(imits.A(onger-terrri opportu�zity is for city-wide savings and faster;symmetrica(speeds. Tak�*-�at�risk,churn,varic�us financi�l,risks,changing political and regulatory �� . en�ironments,camrnunity educatic�n�nd engagement,project execut�on and " unanticipafiec�te�hnc�l�gieal innovatit�r�s are patential risks and are described in the Risk Analysis section. ��1�1'��1(:��I�"� Comparison of Availa6le Media The primary media used for internet access today are DSL,£able,Wireless and Fiber Clptic cable. DSL stands far Digital Subscriber�.ine and it is one ofthe technologies used to prc�vide fnternet connectivityto homes and businesses: DSL uses existrng te[ephor�e(ines and a transceiver to bring a cannection into a home or busihess and allows the h�useh�[d ta use the fnternet and make telephone calls at the same time:;4T&T is the in�umbent telephone ccsmpany in the Redding area using E7SL techno[ogy. DSL is asymmetrica[(the download speed is much faster than the upload speed}and is capabCe af dawnload speeds up ta 10t}Mbps: Goaxial Cabie'uses copper cabCe designed with one physical channel that carries the signal surrot�nded by a layer af insulation and then another physical channel, both running along the same axis—hence the coaxial name.Gaaxial cable is primari(y used by cable TV companies ta Braadband Master Plan—Report to Redding City Gauncil—Prepared k�y EntryPoint Netwarks Page� 5 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � connect transmissiort facilities to customer homes and businesses ta deliver cable T;V,and internet access.CharterJSpectrum is the incumbent cable company in the Redding area. Gaaxial Gable is asymmetrical and is capable of download speeds up to 94�Mbps. Fiber Optic Gable sends infaemation down strands of g[ass known as optical fil�ers which are aboutthe size af a human hair.Thesefiber optic strands are capable aftransmittirig 25 Tbps taday and researchers have successfu(ly demonst�ated a transmissian ex�eriment aver 1(}45 km with a data-rate of 159 Tl�ps(https:l{phvs.or�/news12018-fl4-fiber transmission.html�. Fiber-optic' cabCes carry information between two places using optical(iight-based}technalcagies which canvert electrical informatian from the computer into a series of iight pulses. Fiber�ptic Gable is capabCe of symmetrica!speeds up to 25 Tbps. Because the diff�rence in capacity between fiber optiics and alternative media'rs so significant, fik��r aptics shauld ka�the foundational media for any new braadband infrastructure project +�hen financially feasible. �5j;��IS2l`# � t�t4��t��1I7�}�s��ij4jiri�s��Y��rj1ti�if�5?j£t�ist t{n$iSst�;ftt�'��krriti��}titj�zG��. Ut3S�U��v�,��t$(�{j��{,;f'� , (��t��(��Ii�r��t��titi��,rai��t�t��i�� t�}�4��'�'��"�� {�1�4��tp t�S��#��pj{ ��,�'{rl��}$$�s t 2� �t��IjfNt��}� � }#�j}�fi�,�� rfirf r(�+ � �{t f (Ii�t� �7�,�s ��t�j��}��' � � }'�I��i£, ' � I�I II / �y1� °�. �� . '��j�1t �� ',��4�fl��r�r�� 1�G! . �l��ti4��t��i�tai��f��}fjjr�f�{��{`Fj}� t'Ii��7I��#�t,�'y�t�{t�{C�{�£jirt�jS�� 1'I.��I�1�1 .� ��'t�,�� f,� t€�r�x1��,�F�litf�? p s,��,�},,�zs�}�t �t�b�t�,�{�� , 3�3,�� 5 T�a 5 �� ' �� t�l��li�� " �l��1�f�'� �� ts ��p}�ig�;t� �.'s.E.1C`ttJ.4�i�z�P�4cft5�r � c l. s�� 1��7$�ik �; i f�Ri{ t 2+rn t� S��t�}��n�� 7��'�`� j�si ��;� , � �r rs� �f�t��'��Il��s�� i��t�t��ti} { �i��(�1{kt��I�I�II� �ks��} �.�,t�rrt�7i;`' ,(;1�1�� t+t'+s�'��t� '�(�(r�s 1#s�'ut��7��}t �j�t}#��c �tirus�Ytl��I� l��fr( � ��}��t�� r�il�#� t��t� ��j��2£t7}{�{ � � �4h.� . }��}�� 1��j�� `�'�I��z�;��(��1Ii��I�i� �s�4��i�ti � t4 t?�tsttt t� '.4iSy}}lir�s ��r�.tt�zr�E=ra,��} u.,�1�„+d��n �i��t4�f� � ��y�'�d� r5}�l'z�i�i�� t4,7 rr��(��`�� i�t�`��,�li��l�,� �r�r#�� I�� f� ��7�� 1t�f��a��1��{�i�t, �?�F?i ISPl i}§'��I I��I��I){t'`a �f�ysi��r fi��r�Ij}��r f }�`� �� '�r�7fil�iYrf��t�z,�� +1n1Sr rt{s�s�yI 7��k�4„ ,�i�ri�l��tt tiut3��)��t?�I��s1t ��r��{�sFtt��.r{�,�t t �ti�„��{r2s,��?` Wireless lnternet access is made possik�le via radia waves eommunicated to a person°s home cornputer, faptop,smartphone ar similar mobile device.Wireless(nfernet can be accessed directly through providers Iike AT&T Wire(ess,Verizon Wireless;T-Mobile�r by a wi�eBess Internet Service provider(Wi5P). 5G is the 5th generation in cellular networks and refers to a standard for speed and connection. Because of the extensive marketing around the emergence of 5G,many pe��rle wonder whether 5G will repl�ce fiber optic cabfes. Cn fact,SG depends on fiber optic ir�frastructure.Rll wireless teehnologies work best the faster they get back ta fiber apfics. The graphic above is not to scale (fiber has much greater capacity than the illustration represents}k�ut this illastrates the magnitude of the difference between the different media ty�es.The emergence of 5G is very early but there is a potentia) revenue opportunity for 5G carriers to ride on eity 3nfrastracture and contribute to the ongaing cost of network operations:Cellular networks can be symmetrical ar asymmetrical and capable of download speeds up to 2,t}04 Mbps Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Cauncil Prepared by EntryPoint Networks Page � 6 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Wi-Fi is common irt homes and commercial buildings and is a way to deliver a netwark cannection from a network hub over a wired connection to wireless devices via a wireless access paint.Most people access the internet over a wireless connectian, but it is impc�riant ta remember that wireless connectivity ultimately depends on a wired connection and wireCess access works best the faster it gets back ta a wire. 6�r�� af ��r��v�rjd�� pli��tic�r�� a^ s -� m � ! a� 0 �o �� e id� �o 4-Minute Song 4 MB 3sec 1.5 sec 0,3 ses 0:03sec 5-Minute Song 30 MB 26 sec 13 sec 2.5 sec 0.2 sec 9-Hour Audio Book 11�MB 1.5 min 46 sec 9.2 see 0:9 sec 45-Minute TV Show ZQO MB 3 min 1.5 min 16 sec 1.7 sec 45-Minute HDTV Show 600 MB `8.5 min 4 min 5d sec 5 sec 2-Hour Movie 1.0-1.5 GB 21:5 min 10.5 min 1.5 min 8 sec 2-Hour HD Movie 3.0-4.5�B <6C}min 32 min 4_5 min 25 sec LargeArchive File 1b GB 'Coo Lung , Slow Better 8d sec Upload vs Downlo�c��eeds In addition to the difference ir�k��ndwidth between DSL,cable and fiber aptics,an additional important difference is that onCy�'iber opticcable csffers the abilityta deliver symmetrical speeds. In an asymmetrical connec�ic�n,the download s�a�ecls are much faster than upload speeds. Upload speed is the arn�unt of data a persc�n��r�send�nd download speed is the amount of data a person can receive in one sec�nd.LI�1oad speeds can be very important for businesses; including home-based businesses or people wha wor�C from home.Applicatians that depend on good upload speeds include sending large fi(es,clouc�applicatir�ns like Goc�gl�Docs and Dropbaxt VaIP,FaceTime,Skype, hard drive baekups and In-hc�use wet�}�osting. ' ��r��r�� ir�� c� I��r��r��r� � "The Ur�rted States . A 2017 Deloitte Consulting analysis summarizes the current needs and realities for legacy {'GCjU/i"GS bEtWE�I� broadband infrastructure in the United States this way: .$130 and$150 bi/lion "The United States requires betweer�$13C}and$150 billion�ver the r�ext 5=7 years ta OI/Gt"1�hE /?�'Xt,�-7 adequately support broadband competition,rural cc�verage and wireless densification. years to adequate y SU�C?p0/`t,f?/"OaQ��c`317Q' �espite the demand and potential economic benefits af fiber deployrrrent,the United States lacks the fiber density in access networks to make#he bandwidth advancements necessary ta COI7I,n�'tltl0i"7, rU/"r�1 improve the pace of innovaticrn and economic growth eoUerage �nd wire%ss Some wireline carriers are reluctant ar unable to invest ir�fiber for the consumer segment d�/?S/f/Cc�t/On• r� despite the patential benefits.Expected wireline capital expenditures range between 14-18 Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gauncil—Prepared by EntryPoint Netwarks Page � 7 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � percent of revenue.Wirelirre operating expenditures can be 80 percent af revenue: Fiber deployment in access networks is anly justified today if a shart payb�ck period can be guaranteed,a new fontprint"rs being built,repairs from rebuilding after a storm or other event justifies replacement,or in subsidized geographies whe�e Universai Service func�s can be used. The largest US wireline carriers spend,on average,five to six times more on operating expenses than capital expenditures. Exeessive operating expenditures caused;in part,by legacy network technology restrict carriers'ability to leverage digital technology advarrcements:Worse,as legacy networks confinue to descale,the percentage of fixed costs overwhelms the cc�st structure leading to even greater margin pressure." Citatian:https:I/www2:de/oitte.com/contentldamlDe7aitteluslDocumentsJtechnotorav-media-telecommunicatiansJus- tmt-St�ReadV-the-need-for-deep-fib�r-pov.pdf Th�C��loitte rep�t-#is not specifie to infrastructure in Redding,but the conclusions from tl�e b�iaitte report are g�neraliy applicabfe.Telco and Ga6le operators in U.S.cities often have fiber to an aggregatian point and then legacy infrastructure from the aggregation point to the "Fl,�J�'l"G'�'plOyl7')E'l�t premise. /�I aCC�'SS 17�'tW01"�lS The primary finding of the Deloitte report is that legacy infirastrueture needs to k�e replaced with lS Ol?f)/�t.t5tlfl�Q� ��er Optic cable in th�near-term to meet bandwidth demands.There is no ir�dication that inc�mbents intend to replac�legacy infrastructure with Fiber Optic infrastructure in the near tO�c'?�/lf c'�S�IDYt term and even if th�y did,this�apgrade would solve the base infrastructure probleirw but it would not salve for the i��k of competrticrn ar premium pricing for 6ig speeds. payback perroa' Legacy copper��d caaxial infrastrueture will need to be replaeed with state=of-the-art Can 'be aChleVed �� infrastructure in arder ta meet the ever-greswing demands for greater bandwidth and faster speeds. An importarst t�ues�ion for cities is uvl�ether unique value can be derived by the city ovvning and controlling this infrastructure or whettrer a private company should continue under the existingstructure. Ideal infrastructure include�more than just the fiber aptic cables rur�ning thraughout the city: Infrastructure consider�atic�ns include the el�ctronics at bc�th ends of the fiber as weN as systems that manage and contral the netwark.As the Gity of R�dding evaluates whether it will ga fgrward with any of the proposed infrastructure projects,the fc�llawing cansic�eratior�s should be part of the decisian-making framewark: • Capacity&Speed:Tne demand for bandwidth anci speed wi(I continue to graw: • Emerging Services and,4pplications:5�,connected vehicles,edge computing,and virtua[ reality are all examples of emerging applications that have infrastructure dependencies.An important consideratian is how flexible the business model and technology systems are t€� enable whatever may come. • Cocal Gontrol:An advantage c�f a network that is loealfy controlled is#he abiiityto manage the responsiveness of the network to local needs and ta encourage innovatian,adapt to opportunities which may make it possible fc�r new services to emerge; • I.ocal Resilience:Gan residents and businesses continue tc�communicate over the infrastructure locally if,for sc�me reason, middle mile car�nectitrns are severed: • Privacy&Security:Subscribers are becoming increasingly sensitive to seeurity,privacy and confidentiality controls. • Risk Analysis:Consideration of the risks for al!potentiai network stakeho(cfers is an essential part of the decisior�-making process: Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 8 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � ��'� ��1��1� In the Gity of Redding most residents and businesses subscribe tc�wireiine internet seruices from the cable operator{GharterjSpectrurr�)and felephone incumbent(AT&T)- CharterlSpectrum CharterjSpectrum advertises the foliotiving packages ic� Redding: ��i� �� '� z� Entrc��luc�c�ry Pricin� �� Star�dard Pricing ��}�� }�n(i1p'��}��t;,Data C�p Not Published � � ] [�a�a cap��t��rsn�a� 100 J 20 $49.99 $b4.99 400/20 $69.99 $89.99` 940 J20 $109.99 $1�9.99� Research on Charterj5pectrurn's service afferings and pricing yielded promotional 12-month introductory,pricing.Charter Spectrum does not publish theirstandard pricing an their vu�bsite.��sed upon c�ur review c�fi CharterjSpectrum invaices we estimate a$15-$24 difference between the introduct�iry price and the standard pricing. �Standard Pricing fv�`400 Mbps and.�4t�Mbps have not been confirmed. AT&T AT&T advertises the following pack�ge�in Reddir�g: Speed((Ulkrps) Intr`> , y Stan �, Prtc�,g SU�B � tJr�fir»ited �C7vwn/Up� �� ; �� ' � ��ata Ca � �� Ad�lition�l C3ata Clata Plan t�� ,�1 t � �z��,� �� '��f C#�'�� s St') �� z�� ..5-Zs!� S�o.ao $so.�a ' +��o.�o �/a Zoo/so $�o.00 ��o.a� �-��,o.00 +�3�,0� 300/12 S�o.00 Sst�.��i +��.�.00 +��.00 l000/Zo $Zo9.g9 Sz��.�s +��o.00 +��a,o� AT&T offers fiber cannecfivity to some busir�esses and residential neighborhoods in Reddi�g.The majarity of AT&T cannections in Redding are[7SL based. Of those residents who responded to our survey for current pricing,there were no AT&7 subscribers: The GIG m Ghico provided a thorough review af served and unserved areas in Redding as urell as a description of the service praviders operating in Redcling. The Chico data suggests that 95,41 of Redding residents subscribeto the internet through wireiine providers and the majority of those are cannected via the incumbent cable aperator. Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 9 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Broadband Media 8�: IVlaximum �peeds Avail�ble ir� Reddir�g Tod�y . : � � � � � �;aoo�bp� ,r000��p� ',�o��bP� ,,��p� �,�� ,��R� � 9Jp�to 20 Mtrps�dawn9oads� L3�r.to 9A6 fN4ps downloads�� Up to�1 66ps downl�atls .�Up Yo A Mhps uploads Sr lJpto 2[3.Mbps uplo�ds �&U�to SO.Mbps uplaads The illustration above shows t�re maximum speeds avaiiable in the City of Redding today, However, it is important ta note that although D5L is available in over 9(l%of the city,the maximum DSL speeds are not available to all premises. Gable connectivity is also available to most residential ar�d business addresses.. However,aecess to#iber aptics is available to a limited nurr�ber c�f business customers. It is also important tca nt�te that aIl speed�ilfustrated abave are"up-to"speeds and are never guaranteed fay the service providers. The Graph below illustrates the amount of money;�edding resid�ntial customers will spend on internet access going forward at the current average of$65 per month for 35,000 Recicfing;hcaus�halds with��l%subscribing fio wireline internet. Estimated Redding Exp�nditc�res f�r Internet 7,4�G0 ��s�r��c�r��rc�r�ssav-r��r ¢rst�trs�t:��a��;�!��'�`,' $Cb0 �� , Additit�nal amciunt assuming 19'o annual p�t�aulation gri�wth { . � 't u£'7'f�{� p/��A - ��1 �. t�'}ff}jt$�sl{}t{f'3 y# ��'°ll.l�X1 fkC'�Cpl$I4Ct��#"t'i�G11��IS�SUCYlI��. #JS��'s�t1 SU�t� t��r� ��{o�PYt'EU��ttl�8'CIS3P'� tl t t�st{l��i{4s�s�tr,�t t�ts ��rt � { 4Ss {� sii fl��i31}�t3t l�. , #i4��r��r�sit`�Z�i�fS�t}��}t��ititxittl��s��S1t�S�. }ZsStu rt,ta- 44f 4 1��)r4as„ � �SI�,��t��{��}�{s4t�t�f�iliJti��r}'',<�t�'4�)�.{�� 4[}Q „ s jt r�i4�,�7s�s�4ttit�k}t�t,{t�a�31 a, . tk�4��s�{t��dr��t�ti�r�u J tft7 1{�{t f�4h�k.#„�,rv, ��}�>��ta�;{� ' �►+�F�� ,4mr�untpaid kxyReddang F �� ,r,r;��rtitt�,� �o€�se�ic�(c3s ove�2(7 y�ars t�4..:��{S � yy C� y/y C� ryy� �W il 1 V'� �J� G41 Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 10 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � ��i�� Ii�� Evaluation& Marketing 5 Grassroots Clnor-t�-Door T�� Educatian Promation Engagement Safes Effort �Y� ____MMMMM___M�MM�. ___� . ___..,�� -�- °�°�. ______ ��.��.��..�� MonthS; 7. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 'i 1 12 C�c��ir��r�it� ;E.��g�r��r�� '�� he sample Camtnunity Engagement Ptan that fa//aws is;burlt on an assumptrori that Reddirl�'t�ilf go fc�r�ard t�vitt��city-wide project, Changes in project scope wrll change the Gommunity En,qa��ment appraa�h: Goa]s &Objectives The objective af a h'�d�'ir�g Cc�rrimunity�r�gcrg�errzent P/an is ta achieve a minimum of a 40l take= rate for hames and busin�sses within F�edding City iimits.Additionally,a scale caf 1Q,000 subscribers is an important target f�r the project tc�be operationally sustainak�le. In the financial section later in the report,the fin�ncial models are built to a target af a 6Cll take-rate.The madeling can easily be adj�st�d fic�match actu�l take-rates.: Evaluatior� & Education Document the current state af broadband and deterrnine the l�cre�r�f interest among residential asers and business awners. �t�rnr�unity��rv�y Greate a survey for residents and business ovvners to deterrnine fhe level of interest in a municipal fibernetwork. Based upon the level of interest,deveiop an educetion and pramotion progra m. Publ��li E��catic�s�a( Ir�fc�r ��o�� Create a website specific to the municipal fiber program. (3utline the cc�re message of broadband as a tatility that will supportan environment of ehaice and subscriber control. Use customized videos ta�ducate oniine visitars an the folCowing: a. Functionality of the community fiber netwark b. Options for services c, Frequent(y Asked Questions(FAQ's) d. Inquiry Form where community members can submit questions to the municipality Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 11 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � �Vl�ppin��sa��irnursi�y I«��r°�� Distribute an"1 am interested"sign-up farm with associated heat map where residential and business praperty ov;rners can register as someone irsterested in municipal fiber. Evaluation&Education Budget=$3,000-$1�,00t� Marl<etin� &Promotior� Redding issues a series af Press Releases and sends out inserts in mr�nthlyutifity bills promc�ting the municipal fiber pragram,dciving traffic to fiber website with the goal of educatfng community members and generatir�g interest and encouraging comrvtunity participation in the sur�t��. ; llse all available saci�l rnedia platfarms(Facebook,Twitter,etc.}to promote the fiber network. �i�igl�bc�rnc��cid �r��t'��ce aracl��rd �igris As construction (fiber build}k�egins in a neighbarhood, Redding will past signs at neighlaorhood �:ntrances announcing the construction and ietting residents know tf�ey can still sign-up to get cc�nn�cted�rt�ile crews ar�irr the neighborhood. As homes are cc�nr�ected in the nei�hborhaad,yard signs ace placed in the yards of subscribers ind'rcating that th�hot�e now enjc�ys a fibec broadband ccrnneetion. Marketing&Promc�tic�n Bucl�et=$10,t�{�(3-$15,0(70 Grassroots Enq�emer�t �bpert F9c�u�� Ev�r��ts Redding halds a series o�flpen Houses wh�re residents�r�d busirtess awners can hear an educational presentation about the fiber project,ask qt�estions about the fiber project,become educated about the Redding fiber plan, business moc��l,ete. Open Houses are promoted using utility bill inserts,press r�leases,pubiic service announcements,lacal news reports,city�r�bsi��s,social media platfarms,etc: Open House events are intended to educate residents,promote the network,and identify�iber Ghampions irrthe various neighbarhoods(fiber zones}. FGber Charrrpions are individuals that are committed to p�omoting the network within their neighborhaad. Fiber Champians are alsa incentivized to be the first neighbc�rhood tt�get connected(inifial fiber zones ar�connected in order af take-rates—highest to Cowest). Fibca��h�mpi�in� Fiber Champions assist sales efforts within the`rr designated neighborhood�fiber zone). They organize and lead Cottage Meetings where neighbacs come together to discuss the Redding fiber program. Redding leaders and empl�yees provide suppart to the Fiber Champians in their efforts: Fiber Ghampions drive conversatians and contractual cgmmitmet�ts af neighbors via the Daar-to-Door Sales and Education campaign: Grassroots Engagement Budget=$2,Q90-$5,(?00 Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 12 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Daor-ta-Door Sa1es Effiort Netw�rk sal�s agents(typic�lly an independent group representing the network)contact res'rdents and business operators witfiin the planned netwark fc�otprint t�r answer questions about the network and ascertain the patential subscribers'intentions regarding their participation in the network, [Yes(t�pt=in)or No(Opt-out)�• This direct persort-to-person contact gives everyane in the comoriunity an opportunity tc�ask questions,clarify their understanding and express their ieve!c�f interest in participating. To rnaximize the effectiveness af this process,prior ta canuassing a neighborhood,door hangers are distributed ta every home and business infarming property owners that a representative will be stt�ppin�by tt�c�xplain the value proposition,answer questions and get their(�pt-in/{7pt-ouf de�ision. It is important that R�cicling support this effort thrc�ugh public natifications,press releases;mass emails,websites,social'media sites,mobile applications,and ather community outreach ver�ues available to Redding.�his may include outside professional marketing andJor PR firms. Qacrr-to-l?c�c+r Sales Effort Butlget=$100 per Premise that Subscribes [Sign-up Fee or Wrapped iato the lnfrastructure instailat�on Costs] Total Redding Crt�mmunity Engag�rr�ent Plan Budget=$15;00(�to$30,Q0�3+Door to Door Sales Comm'rssions. Please Ntte Th�v�rork csutlin�d in the uari�Eks 3teps of tlzis C�r��r�ri�i�ity Fr��a��r�cnt P(�n,�n wFii�I:c�s part,c,sn k�e mar�aged kay ir�iernal R�dr�ing p�rsonnel or c�r�be t�utsour�ed tc��rofies�icrt�I rnar`keiFn�anc��t�mc�tic�E�s�rg�r�i�at€�ri: ��r�� c�r�m�r�� r�c�� As part of the Broadband Plar�ning Proeess�the City l��nager's offic�'organized meetings with incumbent operatars including r�presentatives of CharterfSp�ctrum,AT&T and I�acal provider, Shasta Beam.Charter expressed its'interest in pre�ervir�g the status quc�via a letter to the City Manager, Mayor and other city leaders.��E�e"C senC a representative to the meeting but has not taken a strang positian apposing or supparting a municipal network in Redding, I.ocal VtlISP, Shasta Beam has asserted its strong support,encauraging the city to deploy a city-wide fiber optic network. The Gity Manager's office held meetings with individual city leaders and muftiple w�rkshaps for key community stakeholders inc(uding Shasta Union High Schoc�l C3istrict,Shast�Gounty�7ffice of Educati�n,Simpson University;Shasta College,local hospitals,ather healthcare providers�the Chamber af Commerce,representatives from the business community and lacal religious leadecs. Fram these meetings;there was support far the City of Redding to continue explc�ring the feasibility of implementing locally controlled broadband infrastructure.Additionally;certain stakeholders made specific requests far access to infirastructurethat wauld be beneficial to their operations if the City goes forward and builds out a rr�unicipa!fiber network.These requests were documented by the City Manager's affice. Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 13 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � ��i�� in November 2019,the�ity deployed website elements to k�egin the'pracess of educating the public regarding its evaluatic�n of the feasibility of a city sponsared fiber optic network�The City Manager's office distributed an initiaC survey to Redding residents assessing current sentiment regarding existing services and the level af interest in a municipal network. The survey was not developed by professionaisurvey administirators and these findings are likely influenced by selection biases. Key findings from the survey include the following: Total Respc�rr��s 288 ��a�pc�rt Networf�- .° 13 N o 4.51°la 52 Possibly 1$.C}6% 223 Yes 77.43°l Internet Speed frnportanee And the Survey Says:,. o �ot rm�arta�,t a.�oro 69 Impartant 23:961a z19 Very Impartant 76:041 288 ImportantJVery Important 1QQ.00°fo Internet�ost;�tr�portance 9 Not Important 3.13°l0 38 Empartant 34.(73°l0 181 Very lmportant 62:85°la 279 Ir�'�pcirtant/Very Impartant 96.8&% 'Choice in ISP and Plans-ir��crr��rtee �8 Not Impctrt�nt g:7Z°lo 105 (mport�nt 36:81°l� 154 Very Irriportar�t 53:471 260 Impt�r'tant/il�ry Important �C7.28fa Rate Current lSP 26 Goad service at good price 9:(73°la 142 �apPY with service but wish it 49;311 cost less 1�� ISP is slawer than I want most 41:67°l0 of the time Average Speetl Experierrced 56 1.9 24 Mbps 29.441 29 �S.Q=46.0 Mbps 2a:07°l4 36 5Q.0-74.0 Mbps 12:50°l 25 75.0-96.9 Mbps 8.68%a 110 10t7.0=240.0 Mbps 38:19f 15 25Q:Q-46Q.0 Mbps 5:21°l� 5 500:0-980.0Mbps 2.741 1 1000 Mbps 0:35°l0 11 Na Response 3:82°I Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Prepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 14 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � ��r��i��l �� I� ��i�c�� The Institute for Local Self Reliance has mapped municipai networks throughc�ut the United 5#ates using an interactive map that can be found at the follQwing link: https://muninetwarks,or�lcom munitvmap To compare the various models that exist in the United States today;a mix of prominent municipai fiber optic projects wereselected ta illustrate the types of models that have been deplayed.The foilowing comparisan summarizes different approaches ta funding and operating munici��l brc�adband infrastruct�re and services followed by a description of the advantages� disadva�itages df e�ch: �a � � � ��. �. � � ; Chattanooga;TN 179,139 Electrical Utility ISP Yes 60°l0 $68,t7CJ ' I�Lafayette,LA 126,OClQ Electrical Utility ISP Yes 4Q°1a $95,95 ' i Westrrrinster,MD � 19,000 , € City F�ber,Private ISP No 2d°fo $89.99 ,__,.�..w_ ._ ��....__ � � Huntsville,AL � 194,585 # Dark Fiber Open Access Yes Not Publisl�ed $70.00 ; Sandy,OR 10,000 Municipal ISP No 60°l0 $59.95 _ 4.,,w,t __„�� x,.., _ _ _ - - �- �ongmont,CO � 86,t}C�t� '• Elecfirical l�tility ISP Yes 55°l0 $69.95 ! ; Ammon;ID 17;d00 e Atatomated O�r�n Access No 65% $46.50 ' _ �._.� _ _ �. _ _, _. _ _ Monmauth,OR 25,083 Municipal iSP No 80°l0 $129.65 ' _ _ _ , __ _ . - — - — - Lexington,KY 321�959 � Private Part�er t7wn�ed ; � fVo NoC Publts�ed $59.J5 = _, _ �.,„�..W..,_ __ � n,.,,,_. wu�.,r,�,_ _ ,�u._„y ,_ i Santa Monica,CA 110,000 C�arl�Fiber Business Qnly , No NJA NJA ! '. Fart Gollins,G0 165,000 Electrical Utility 1SP Yes % Ear(y Stage $54.95 ! UTOPIA 150,C7�0+ ManuaC t7pen Access � , No 15°la $70.0� ! Municipal Broadband Model� Defined = Summary I Pras I Cons �i�y C� r��d &op�r��d; �ir��l� €SP Summary;The city owns and operates the network and is also the sole service provider on the network': Pros:This model can be successful when incumbent aperatQrs have some combination af the following: monopaly or near mc�napaly status;high prices, poor infrastructure,slow speeds,a poor reputafiion and widespread customer resentment. Cons:A single JSP daes not significantly expand choice or competitign.7here have E�een very f�w City Owned&Operated,Single!SP deployments that have been suecessfuf and those that have been successful are much smaller than Redding,The city is essentially replicating the incumbent madel and competing againstthe irtcurrtbent head-to-head.This modei leaves the city vulnerable 6roadband Master Plan-Report to Redding Gity Gouncil-Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwarks Page � 15 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � to the incumbent dropping their price to influence the municipa!take-rate and destabilize the municipal network. Examples of this model include Sandy;OR and Monmouth;OR: ��rr��cip�� I��tri��l lJ�il�ty�l nec� � t�p�ra��ld ��r�c�le ��P Summary;The Municipal Electrical Utility owns and operates the netwark and is alsa the sole service provider on the netwaek. Pros: Most successful 5ingle ISP municipa(networ►cs for cities the size of Redding have adopted the Elec�rfcal�Jtitity madel.The ECectrical Ut€lity has fhe advantage of having an established reputafian in th�cc�mmunity.Electrical Utilities often have financial,customer service,and �rrgineering experti��that may be beneficial to the network.The skill set for Outside Piant personnel for a municipal network is sirnilar in kind to the existing range of skillsin an Electricai 'Utility.l`he likelihood c�f success increases in instanees whece the incumlaent operator has monopaly or near mc�rtopaly status;higherthan average prices; poar infrastructure;slaw speeds, a poor reputation and/or widespread customer resentment, Ccsns:A sin�C�1SP does i�c5t significantly expand chaice. Expertise in network operations will need to�e enhanced or cleveloped.`This model is essentiaily repl'rcating the incumbent model and involves competing against the incumbent head-to-head.This modeC feaves the city/Electrieal Ut'rlity vulnerabl�to the incumbent dropping their price to impact the#ake-rate and destabilize the network. Examples of this mc�del include Chattanc��g�,T�1 and longmant,C4.Fort Collins,C4:is in the early stages of deplayment and is re�licating this rnodeL Cl�rl<��b�r, �per�1�cce�� Summary: Dark Fiber Op€�n Access i�a rnc�cfel where ti�e�ity builds infrastructure ta the curb and the subscriber then seCects an ISP as its provider and t��ISP finishes the connecti�n to the home with its awn infrastructure and eiectronics. Pros:Open Access increases choice for c�nsumers.C3�ierating a dark fiber netwark is less camplicated than operating a lit network.�`�te[?�rk Fiber m�del enables Pubiic owr�ership of infrastructure, Cons:The Dark Fiber model gives up control over last mile infrastructure,i.e.,the drop from the curb to the premise.The Dark Fiber model there#ore limits the usability of eac�r strand of fiber. With an isolated dark fiber connecti€�n;it is impossible to connect to other s�rvices that may nt�t be available thraugh the ISP that controls the drop to the customer pre�nise.The Dark Fiber Model may not scale easily due to difficulty in anticipating the required fiber count to meet the demand.This can create significant complications for the network;operator, An example of this model is Huntsville,AL; Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 16 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � ��r��a�l C�p��i�� Summary; Man`ual Open Access is a mod�l v�rhere the netwack is lit end to end,This means that the network operator places and controls the electronics at both ends of the netwc�rk. ln this model,switching service praviders can be requested fr�rm a web portal and may appear to be autamated butthe network provisioning is not autamated. Fros:;A manual Open Access network increases chaice for consumers: Gons:Operating a Manual C}pen Access network is more complex than operating a Single ISP network because of tFse requirement for humart manag�ment of network tasks.Ariy increase in the number of service pravide�s operating on the network adcls to network complexity. Art example of this model is the UTOPIA Network. UTUPIA is the largest manual open acce�s rtetwork in the Unite�5tates with just over 2tt,0�0 premises connected. UTOPIA struggled under heavy debt obligatiorrs for 15 years but is now operating on a sustainable traj�ctory. In addition to UTOPIA,there are a number of Manuai Open Access netwarks in Europe: ��tc�r��t�c� C3p�€��cc�� ummary.Rutomated C3�r�n Access is a mode(where the netwc�rk operator places electrr�nics at both ends of the n�t�vork and s�abscribers can dynamically select service providers in real-time. Software Definecl�Ietworking is us�d to autamate variaus netwark management tasks. Pros: Multiple s�rvice providers c�n de(iver services s�multaneously and independently across a single wire.Wh�n a subscriber sc�lects a n�w service provider,the provisioning is done using; automation and th�refc�re t�appens on-dem�rrd. The automated provisioning creates a marketplace for services which`rnclud�s i5P's ar�cl private networks fc�r other services,The ability to switch service providers on dernand increases che�ice and competition.This network mode[ also includes the abi(ity#a pre�vide local network resilier�ce via(oeal communicaticrns if cannecti�ns over the middle mil�are down. , Gons:The model was first implemertt�c!i�s]�te 2016.Ammon, ID is the only city tha#has a fiull implementation operating:5calabi(ity has been demanstrated in a lab envir�nment but not in a city the size ofRedding. Examples af this madel include Ammon,lk�, McC�EI,l[��r�d Mountain Harrte,ID: Disclosure:E�7tryPoint�letwcrrks avvns and c�per��s,a SaaS made�A�itc�mated t�per�Access s�luticsn ar�d�� the t�ch�oEo�y solutiern�rc�vider ir�these rietworks: F�riv�t� a�ctcir� r��r� CJ�er�tc�c, ��r�g�� I�P Summary:A private builder designs, builds and operates a network:The private entity is also the sole ISP on the network—replicating the incumbent model: Rros:A private buiCder and ape�-ator assumes al(the risk and does the work of overseeing design; project management,canstruction,customer acqu'rsition and operations.This model increases the choices available to consumers with minima[ob(igation or burderr far the city. Cons:The new operato�is replicating the incucnbent madel.There is no iocal control aver infrasfructure and ISP choices increase by just one new provider.There is no guarantee that the operator will address the digital div`rde.The network can besold to another operator. There are many examples of over-bui(ders but Lexington, Kentucky is a recent exarriple: An example of this model is Lexingtc�n, KY: Broadband Master Plan—Report ta Redding;Gity Council—Prepared by EntryPoint Netwacks Page � 17 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � l�riva�� a�c�ar C�v�rn�r� �11��ra�o�, Clp�n�� 5ummary:A private builder designs, buiCds and operates a rretwork.The private entity uses an Open Access model rather than the incumbent model for service delivery: Pras:A private builder and opecator assumes ali of the risk and does the work of overseeing design,praject managerrient;sonstruction;customer acquisition and operations.This model provides an increase in the choices available;to consumers at almost no cost to the city, Risk exposure ta the city is very low.The private I�uilderf operator builds and stabilizes the netw€�rk and may give the city the option to acqu[re the network after an agreed upon number ofi years fnr a pr�rr�iurn price above the actual cost to develap. Gcsns:There is no 1��a1 cantrol over infrastructure>There is no guarantee that fihe oper�tor will address digital divid�€ssues.A private ownerwill be free ta seil the network to a new operator that may or may not kte aligned with cammunity objectives for the network. An example of this model is Fullerton,GA(SiFi). Fundir►� Can�ider�tic�r�s Tax Rlon-Parti�ipants—Should a General Obligation Band be used far broadband infrastructure?7c�day,mast cities do not f�ave the political will to build broadband infrastructure thraugh a fundin�mechanisrn that taxes a11 residents,essentially mandating participation, regardless of whether the resident cho�ses tc�'participate as a consumer�rf network services; Voluntary Participation—The alternative to taxing all residents is to deploy a business model that allocates netwark costs tc�:w�csluntary particip�rtts.Aliowing sabscribersta voluntarily apt-in to netwark participation ernpt�wers individual residents,�liminates Political Risk and can increase public suppart far the n�twork; AISc�wing subs�ribers to vt�luntarily opt-in or apt-out of network participation is less efficient and m�re ex�ensive than a made(that mandates universal participation.Voluntary Participatian may exaeerbate't�e digital divide. Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 18 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � ��V�/��"� ��I��1 Network design cansiderations shr�ufd be driven by the city's strategy.Irnpartant considerations include the decision to have one ISP or many 1SP`s.Rnother design question has to do with whether the city will deploy a Passive f3ptical Network(Pt?N�or a Suritched Ethernet architectuee; Passive Optical Networl< (PCIN) Summar�r:P�ssive{3ptical Networks(Pt7lV}and Caaxial(Cable} networks folfow a Bus architecture. IPros:Most incumbertt network deployments foilow a Bus Architecture via either P{�N or Coaxial infrastructure and the uvidespread deployment af this architecture has led to a reduction in the compfexity of deplayment through integr�ated systems. �Cons;A Bus architecture is a shared architecture.A spiitter is pCaced in the field and a connectian i�c�f�en shared between�2 ar 64 premises:The 8us Architecture leads to rrtore packet collisi�ns on th�rtetwark;wFsi�h c�r� result in high amounts of packet loss during cc�ngestia�.It is m�ce difificult to isc�late�r�d troubleshcac�t fauEts in the network with a bus topology. Switched E�hierne� Netwc�rl< Summary:Ethernet f�ll�vus�switchec!�rchit�:cture. Pros:The architecture provides�dedicated connection for eaeh customer rather than a shared connection and the customer experience'rs s'rgnificantly better in a shared acchitecture.This is due to the fact that the thresughput of switch-krasec!ar�hite�ture is superior to a bus-based architecture during time�cr#networl�cortgesti�an. Cons:Fiber count in the field is increa'sed. Passive Clptical Networl< (P0�1) Design ��tvit�hed Ethernet Networl< Design ��si�4 ��s ,..n $ .a¢34La1�.. ,�✓."' � .� f[7tT . " lPsltru*r�:. �'"' t .n"° .. .^':. w� � «<» ..�.. �.« ° � t „� � �,s ..e�. t y r . ,k` '—w..: o� r rs�tvt h e°: '^»-,�n;..,m. .a.. •.w»... d��: �. r'�.. +. ^^'k,.,.,�. A{1P.Lf A" `x� Ma[f1f1Th':� d� w ..' . �'��.� t * 6 Cr�re ` rr K �,v.`�.. v. * . 4 ; � § x .r. ., a w, a n r : . Nvtwc�rh�;� . . � ...m�.. ..___ ; ;' { G�er t Pa5 q � N�y rk ,�.. N4$ rk �. '�� e a� �A Spti4vr : r ro :.� C�'�aa4n,.. �'� ., ,i.� �Perat on,:. �:� a� . � .. . . ti�tL1�:. v, . "'" * . � r'� ' .. '� t P srve.. r5 ccss �uu4tce: � v+tf,h�.. �' o�t�r iH�t3reS, Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 19 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Proponents caf PON Architecture will argue that PC}N is less expensive than an ethernet design,That was true historically,T�re illustration below shows that the variable costs of a switched ethernet deployment is now equal to PC7N.This change in pricing differences was driven by the fact that all Data Center deployments use Switched Ethernet architectures and the enormous growth af Data �enters over the past 20 years has driven down the cost of Ethernet electranics. I�C��-�8�=t;rvc�r��c��qu�pr�r�nt Ft4��r�a�t��'vucss��,�c��,�prr��r�t Lesc��ptidn ��aatCmst L(ty �rte��ded��st C3escraption �&raftCs�st QtV Exte��dCost i�,5t�ii p�� 5��:scr �: �s�c.s� sw�W�tc�, ��,a�c�.�a z 5�,��a.�� (�LT $4,1�6.5� Z 58�393.�J�' SFP $1�.6tJ �� $1,�52.t]t} ia��s��+ ��a.s� z ��;�as.�cr 2x Z GE 8t68 CSFP $��Z7a5{3 24 $3;78Ct.C1C7 14ccess Line-iwp $�9;5�45.3� Aceess Line-aa�a �a4,552.t}(3 Nurrrber c�#5a��is�rltaers Senred �6 �lum�e�c�f Su�s��it�ers 5erved �6 Avera�e Ccsst per su�ascriber ��51.�I Rverage Cost per s�,bsc�ib�r 547.42 �'t��i-�r�rrr�s��r�;s�� Et��r��t-�'r�rr��qiis`g�c°�ent C�escrBptiora �f�it C�ist qty �xtend�d�ast bescripticin ifra€t Ce�sT QtY' fxteaa�ed�c�st i�,aao�o�w� ��zs.1� � �zzs.�.s v��,t��ea�v�� 3�a,�� . �3�a.oa R€sc�ver supply fic��7L1�GE G�!t a��-�tl � �I2.C�� . 1�7�C18as�13S�3tarr�-Tx/155t1nm fLX i�km �9.4�7 1 $9,t}(} Rrerr�ise Line-up $�37.15 ' �'�'emise Line-u� $339.Ctt� Numh�r�f Suhscri6ers 5arved T hi�tn��caf Su3ascriba�s Se�vec� 1 Aver�ge Cr�st p�rsu�sc�ib�r $237.i� �t�rer�ge Ccast pe�su�scri�ser $334.Ofl ��C�P"�ET`�[S�N�C��19��,,GJl�7tYt�?�t��C�S�S ��S"P➢"�6'Y"kN�i�E��i�'€"�3��EC�UE�SkY��C�i�CSS�S Tatal�ast pee 5u�serit�er �3�B,f� � Tcatal c�zs��ae��uka�rib�r �38E�.42 The aboue camparison between i�ON and Ethern�fi also serves as a comparison betvveen a tUan- Upen Access system and ar�Automated C3pert Access syst�m,Nearly all traditional single ISP municipal networks that have been deplr�yet�rn the U:St have foll�wed a PON architecture;with much of that dep(oyment from the vendor specified�k�+ave.We are r�ot aware of any A�tarr�ated Open Access systems that have been deployed on a P�N architec'ture, Manual C7pen Access wi1( work across a PON architecture. �� Middl� Mife "Middle-mile"is an industry terr�r that describes the network infrastructure that conneets local networks to service providers at an Cnternet Exchange Point:Far example;Redding wou(d connect ta an exehange point in either Portland or Sacramento.The"last mcle"is the local part of a communication network which conr�ects a service provider to a custc�mer: For modeling purposes,propasals were solicited ficar connections from Redding to Sacramento and the responses belaw were received. ff Redd'rng's(eadership decides to�nove forward with a project,these proposals can be formalized through ar� RFP or MOU process end city leaders ean specifya longer term if desired. Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 20 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Middle Mile Pricing from Sacramento to Redding C?ption 1: 10�bps A�ocation.QTS Data Genter, 1�.00 Ri Market Blvd, Sacramentc�,CA 55834 Z Location:777 Cypress Ave;Redding,CA 96001 3-year term MRC:$2175, NRG.$1�t�0 Option 2: 106bps A Location: Integra Data Center,650 J Street;5acramento,GA 9583A� Z Location:777 Gypress Ave,Redding;CA 96001 3-yearterm MRC:$2250, NRC;$10Q0 Rec#cfin�would lae respansible for any cross-cannects at the A and Z Locations Appraximately 4,00(I customers carr be served by a 14�bps circuit,Peak usage is an important data paint for monitt�rir�g and is used tc�infarm capacity planning.As the customer base in Redding grows,capac`r�y will need to be adjusted. The cast of this middfe mile eonnectian can be allocated on a per subscriber basis and will be paid by sul�scribersto the ISP,The ISP will then reimburse the City of Redding for this cosf based an its proportionate market share. Mit�dl� MiCe Ris�Cs The primary mi�ldfe mile risks are 1)lack af redundant aptions on divergent paths,2}prieing risk and 3)the risk c�f being strandeci c�r isofated vvithout a viable path south ta 5acramento or north to Portland.Th�r�*are no kn�uusrn middfe r�ile carriers currently going narth tg P4rtland from Redding.Thece is��rczup irt Medford,Ure�c�r�that is interested ir�establishing a north-bound route from Redding and they are eualuat'rng the feasi6ility afi establishing a data center and internet po'rnt af presence in RedcCing.A north-bound route woufd mitigate the Iack of diverse middfe mile options out of Re�}clin�:Pricing risk�nc!the risk of getting isalated or cut ofF from internet access are both pas�ible but have a Ic�w Iikelihoc�cl c�f occurring.A nor#h-baanc[mic{dle- mile route would mitigate a(I three risks frar the City of f�edding:The fiber-optic line corr�ing in off a trans-Pacific Ocean cable will land in Redding in 202t3 or 2fl21:This may pravide a divergent path for Redding. Internet Service Providers (ISP} Partn�rs An Internet Service Provider gives subscribers access to the internet. If cityleaders choose to go with a single-ISP model,the Gity af Reddi�g has the aption of becom'rng an(nternet 5ervice Provider to deliver internet access to Redding residents.Additionally,the eity could sir�nply be an infrastructure operator and partner with a local l5P Iike 5hasta Beam t�deliver inte�net access. If City Council decides to pursue an Open Access Madel;the Internet Service Praviders{I5P}listed belaw have expressed a verbal interest in participating in a Redding Municipal Netwcrrk,The participatian af these!SP's on a Redding network can be formalized through an R�1 ar Mt?U process. By creating a middCe cnile link to a data center in 5acramento,any servi�e provider with a presence in that da#a center could deliver services into Redding. Internet Service Providers— • Shasta Beam—https://shastabeam.com/ • OMSoft—https;jlomsoft.com • Fybercc�m—https:/1www.fybercom.net/ + qwiknet—htt�:j/qwk.netl • Race G�mmunications—https.//www.race.comJ Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gauncil—Prepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�ks Page � 21 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Construction � Engineering Partners it is important to get competent partners for engineering and canstruetion and to contair�costs through a competitive bidding process.There is a sufficient number of skilled construction firms that service Northern Galifornia to get competitive bids fc�r work in Redcling. Prevailing Wa�e t{��?+t�zi3('Sr i€3h��i��j`�is{�{' �'��r1it �#t��{�(r�r��s:: . . . . . . . f$,��r� g�G{ ��tt�{�t4,�'�,�?��}��,}f�f£�k: �egufations in Gahfarnia will increase labor costs for this pro�ect in compar�son to cEties in states t,�� ,�� t��rr��, � � i}�j �� ¢ ��rrzl ��ti�t ; ��tit $}rf ��" t�?�{}��} �`�}�{�{��i��{��,��5;�`�,��t �� t� t�'lat t'�O Ylbt r1�8V2 pf2Vr�I�ItI��/d�8�Ye�U��tIOt15. {��}�i`'�i��r�Y ��t{{��' `£�1'� t`��§i��'S��{�t s��s�k{i�4`�}`��4�y � �ti�i�3 ��s��`� js�S�4��}t :��t��i#3��r�ih� �t s'��'`�}. `��1�'��i"t��' � ��'��i#��ti��}�'j��yl��l��t��{}! (�t�'��i��'� ��}��t�� ;��n��}(} r}u�, ,r`�t��`� �t��` Profes�sional En ineerir� is an�im o�-tant cc�m� oner�t�ofi ood� ro'ect�desi n�:� There��are several� £�?,�1��, ��1��t�1�'�Y� t��r'��i��'��1{,��)u� � g � p g � J � � ��t��t`}$�x� � ��}��r,��tr�f �t��,s#��i��Y�,�� ne�v software�tools�available��on th�e market�to signifiicantly�reduce�the cost of netwo�rk d�sign, lf� F1s1��t}�I}��t� r#{tr?t��>iltf„�3�i!{�t7ftt�ts�1� �t4t��kr�i . . . �. � . . �3 , ��g�y� � r��tt � ��s��,��'��5��`t}��'{��%��n �the Redd�n CEt Council decides to o�forward an�d��m lem�ent one or more ctf the� r�a ects urtder� ,�{n��j� $ �'��i>f ��,s��r��s�� Y g P �P 1 z>�,= h{tt � s s9r,in� f��3�t� . . r' t } ��t'��„��;�j��' ��,'��,��,j,�# cc�ns�derat�on,t�ur recommen�dation is�that p�o�ect leaders�carefully consider a mix of new� }�,�� iY,l "''f �+i�}�� rsS} ��' tl��{�J��'G�S��; � �, r � �{ {r��{ ��;�� n�� ,� rtetwork�design�toe�ls,use of�COR engineering resaurces��and competent�peivate�civil engineering ��S{�t�tFx�l. � r�t�?t��3'��i��g4��rtt��S ��t�� x�tf�s � �ni�+�{„�s� { �1t�st�yt}��s��ihr r��5��r��r ts � �i�ii�V� r��.c t i {} iS4 r � �tR} !l ��i}j £�s�� f�i�r} �rrxz��{�r �t��i��t�u �4t'iYl��. E� � �it£ �i��1k�4�� ;� � t � �p� �`��f� i11i�� ;t�iYf�t� �� `7'��i��j{t�;�"t4 �{��t� �U�?��{��r4�{��`��}��6�t�'��r s ��r f� � �� lr �4��{i��i� { ��{£f��}£2�� 'f;� t� �� $�ti�'�'{�,�r��r ��1�t�7��f�.�� t�� 7tf{.;�r��`�3 �k�l�'{)rtt�t�tt,� �#��r 3�rfty �� ii�3t�Si��t`� tr�{a t� t g�'�4°�iz�i��t�Sr: 3}�G7'y��}��t��z��t . , � t1�4�P 47ii�� ' ?�5'� �/§{ �}�t{�� ,��#;��} }}4$��;� �c��t �r��l �i� � �I��r� } * 7�{��i sj � Si�z k ir;s � r� � �;�� $ #��c��`. � �� '��r��,�}��,�� ;��s�� lf�',�, � �Y2��y.�� SSrrtl�tikt`t��`t ��1�� . g . � . � � �,` �� i Pricin € ''��`��,��s� � or the ft�llawin projects�re�evaluated belaw:� �'t F;�s � �r�}`s��I P ��4�� ;.��,� �.� �lsi+,�il i(ip � {, ��'�}��t�' ��j��, ': � � Y.., ` �r '� > ��' " "rJ ��3��' '� � �CB��'�.'c:�-��'��lE' ��1�'r�CIC�I`��'��"1�' �� C`C��GG��$�S"1� �t"�C �'C� � '1 , ��y.,,','' .s3�5��t w . . . . � t �y " . .�`� . . . �� ` � � �� REU ha�s#undin #o connect i#s �t�t � � �� ' �� g ' electric�l grid for r�al�-time control and management�af its� �`� ' . . ��„� � 1 � infra�tt-ucCure.T�te ciky�as a�oppc�r`�unity�o�lever�g��Fre w�rf�al��ac�y baing dor�e 6y€�f�l�and `� �'4,��i��`�� increase the fiber coun�of th�I�EU deployment and�tF�en alkocate fhe surp�as fEl�r�f�r use��by�h�� , 4 �r`'{�r�}`ss �,r if}}rsr Gity of Redding. � �� rr�. � .}�t�4} �) � �, ��. �t„��s}�,s��R�� 1��t ��'�� p p P p P � � g 3��t�rt 4 � � �� '��j �tEtJ lans to lace a fiber o ti��cabt�an th� ower o[�s alon a 9_�-mite le tror��}�e Rec�cti� �� #��r{�t �- �, � �� `��r � ��>�� Powec��Plantto tl�e Oregon Substation. By increasing tFte fiber�count from 96-Count�to 288-Gount; � �;�t �s, � � a � � ,4a� ��j�� `�, r' r� ��}��} �the city�can establish the beginnEng leg of a fiber bacicEaone that car�be used�for a city I-NET �� '� ��°; ��, �� '� deptoyment in�� Che dt�wnto�nrt�area�or eon�ectior�s to re�id�e�tial rreigt�i��or�oods.��everagirtg �� ° � � � ,��=d�� ,�'� �the REl!project by sirrrply increasing the fiber�cour�t wc�ulcC ereate significant valu�at a fra�tion of� the cost af doing this independent(y. The fallawing is a breakdown af projected materials casts for REU Phase 1: REU Baci<bone Phase 'I (Pc�wer Plant tc�Oregon Substati�r�) Estimated Totai Miles=9.5 Miles Estimated Total Feet=5Q,160 feet Cost per F�ot Fiber Count Mileage Feet REU Ctast of Mat�rials: 96 Count Fiber $6.6& 9.5 Miles 50,160 feet $335,068;84 144 Gount Fiber $7,79 9,5 Miles 50,160 feet $390,746.40 288 Gount Fiber $8.59 9.5 Miles 5t1,16t7 feet $430,874,40 City of'Reddir�g Cnst ' $1.�1 9.5 Miles 50,160<fieet $95,8�5.6(l Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 22 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � The cast difference(�etween REU's needs and exeess fiber capacity far the first leg of the REU Deployment is$95,805.60.This cost difference would be borne by the City af Redding. L�bor is nat included in this calculation because the labor cost for 96 Count is essentially the same as the labor cost far a 288 Gaunt bundle. REU is considering doing a partial ring ta connect its most ccitical assets. Best practice woulcl be for REU to create a full ring to provide the resiliency a divergent path provides. If REU does;a partiai ring,a fiber cut would take down the network, Cc�st per Fc�ot Fibec Count Mileage �eet REll�c�st' ' raf Materfafs' 96 Cc�t�r�t�iber $5.68 25 Miles 136,QUO feet $908,480 �8�Count��b�r $8.59 26 Miles 136,aU0 feet $1,168,240 "�ity of Redding Cas� $1.91 26 Miles 136,0(�0 feet $259,760 The map below illustr�tes a fu(I ring connecting REU assets at a distance just under 26 Miles. �i £ , �� ' ,"� �� k� �. , � �• , � �� , �, , ��, �, � ��s �,£ „ , „ � � � � �w ,�� d Ya�`av l �." � � t,h��. ,. .. .. .�t, � . �+ .� _ r� k,: � s c c t?t�� :,}, i: a ��+µ { w:� �t:� Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 23 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � ��E� � -~° �1�� -~ �1�I�"6" ��'�i1�Cli"�C �C�C�C��8C1� �.1��/��a�'�� "t� ��"��"tCSI" ��1��!$�9�9C)tl r The City of Redding is currently paying incumbent c�perators to connect city buildings and assets; including REU infrastructure.One consideration is whether the city wauld benefit by replaci�g some or all of its autsourced internet connections with fiber that is owned ar�d oper�ted by the �ity of Redding. Redding I-Net The City of Redding pravided the following current monthly and annual casts far braadband con nectivity: VEt�1t}C?R SERVICE MONTHLY COST CharterfSpectrum ISP $1,139:0� CharterjSpectrum Cannecticins �7,160 AT8cT ASE $5,613:28 AT&T CSP $1,587.12 Monthiy Spend Total $15,499.0(� Rnntaal Spend Total $185,991.0(7 10 Year Spend Total $1,859;916:U0 The Table below summarizes p�c��ections c�f the cost ta build�ut the different cornponents of the existing GOR leasetl�tanrt�cticans with C{31�c�w�ed€iber c�ptic<cab[e.The cost prajecti�ns in this table are laased an an assumpfiion that REU bullds a fu[1 ring and these c�annect€ons are coming off of that ring. The total cost projectian t�r�pl�c�the 1NET,AT�T`SwitcF�ed Ethernet and ftEU connectians is $1,973,332.This gives CC?R the a�ility to re�rl��e existing c�annectians that are asymmetrica!and range from 2 Mbps—25t1 Mbps with c€inn�ctions that ar�symmetrical at 1,000 Mbps over a 1�— 12-year period without increas'rng the annual cost ta�he city. C�nce the capital investrr�ent is paicl off,the only cost going forward would be a nominal rtetwork o�t�ratiar�s cost. It is not recommended that GOR replace the wireless conne�t�orrs afi this time. In additic�n to the value in lawer`rng costs icang-ter�arad increasing speed a�c[ccantr�l cauer the infrastructure,a city I-Net would further allow the Gity of Redding to l�uild out ifs network a�d establish access or network aggregation pc�ints throughaut the City;if the Gity decides ta pursue a full city-wide network deployment.Tl�e follovying table illustrates the expected cost tc�replace each of the componerits of existing leased�nf�astructure: � � � � Overhead 70°l� 70°la 70°l� 70°la Underground 30°l 30°l0 3C�1� 30°la Overhead cast per faot $12.00 $12.00 $12.00 $12.OQ und��rou�,d cost perfoot $40.0� $�a.00 �40.00 ��o.aa � � ��,ner��n�-au�rn��d $��,aoc �ss�,�z8 $z�s,�z� �s��,�� Jnner Ring-Underground $517,152 $217,740 $425;892 �2,160;784 �� ,�ss ��,�.�� .,��.� ��:,��,�,�� Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Cauncil—Prepared by EntryPaint Netwacks Page �24 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Other Anchor Institutions As part of this analysis; under the directian af City staff, meetings were�reld wit�r I.T: leaders #rom the Schoot[3istrict, Hospitals,5hasta Courtty,Chamber�f Commerce,local business leaders and representatives fram ather anchnr institutions to learn rrr4re about their existing broadband needs,satisfactian with existing solutians and ta gauge their ievel of support for a possible Redding Fiber Network;The support frorrr these groups far a Redding Fibee network was positive: Each group explained their needs and participated ir�a presentation af�rc�ject gcrals arsd t�e madels that are being considered. Fo1Cow-ap meetings were he}d with hospitals,SGt�E and Shasta Union High Schoo(District. P�� -f�r��°��r�� . �:��y-V�id� Fib�r��a�� P�� irt 2017,the�ity ofi Ret�cling started the process of considering a potential dawnt�wn Redding Internet Utility{Pilat}.A whitepaper was prepared which stated that"the City of Redding is considering a propos�l�o research,develap,and patentially impiement a new fiber Internet utility service:This initial service would be offered in the downtown area af Redding and serve as a pilot phase for laoth residential and commercial customers:" This re�errt adds to th�t initi�l whitepaper and€he work dane by the GlC at California State University,ChicQ k�y providing a prt�jection for totaE casts and per premise casts,a high-level network desig�,'a fir�ancial pro=ft�rrna and details about equipment options that ar�available to the city for a Dt�v�rntawn piiot prc�ject. R high-level netwc�rk desigr�w�s done fs�r th�dc�wnt�wn area and the Garden Tr�ct neighborhoad in ord�r tc�build a cost madei for tf�at praject.The Biarri Net4vorksFiberQptic Network Design Toals were used tc�create the de�i�n and calculate materials costs for these designs. �� s��r{�,5��`� � �� ;, ,�s� ,� t,�; n . ;'�iz� �'"�a�ti^�`�Yl��t��tiit�7��'� ..��XI�j�It � � � `�}j3a z Ti}t'ry��{A . ..��'ts�rt' � a � .�� isa�s �' �at��r�,� " �" ,�� t�sj, �t ,. B �z�ai a, �'"�+ . ,.t �`�'� �r < < �: :� �i*� � t 3 �s ��. �fitzt � � ��t� �� e.a.� �, �� e a�?�{�� il�,st�#�P�itr��i( ,� i � . � i� � . : � , ��,' � `.''� aa�� s � t��,�}�t�s5��t�5, � f�> 2.�a . '�i;��"}� ��, ��4�� ;�� f Jttt ty� . y� .+ �;� � � w �a �, ��i,�s��r�p i��*'�� - �� *�&�� 2,, °��y,:.�� aa�� t3Lt�4zstsr orzr �� s�� . � ".k '�'� "`*� �`�`�^�`�fi 6°�` �,""�'�. ,.,'��S S?z,.tzrzr.,d k�44 7�,78ik�l2 3 R ' r�� a �� '� � a� ��x�� t� . �{` � � � � , �� w �� x k�� ; � � �� . � � � {f � z e. '�r��"�� `�" 8 ��. �� '�#p� �,�� E � z� � '°' er'�`�..a��t f� � � ; ��a��e ar s.*'�S�«"r�' �'' j � � � � �a �;�� , F� �� ,� � �"� ��b, �� .�� ,� ...� ��',�� .�,.; q� r 3��,�� `,cY�^!.�5�,�:� ,,�; �i �, r s s� �. '� e�a t�;'�� 4�.�, .�. �� ,� � � � �` ' � ' ' '£, �� `,#p��' ,.,''� °`� � �'§ h�„�° " �a " � ,��„ * „��,'� : �`��' � �'.s� q,�. „u� ��,.�s '� o�,W t g .,, � .» �„,� " �E:�s :s"�`��Y�c�'^. ,g �� '� :'� '� . a x "�� .t`�`� � # «: .�"A'� r;3` " �," e �'n S}. .�z � +�. 4 �`" «�'.,. .:�."" �y � � ' " �t� } � � s ��g�.. ' � �, . . �. t � t v t�t , �'�`a��^s �� ,o- T� �'��`� '�,i� �pP. : : ��a ..'.a, r : .: 4� . . , a r " � : ,.;>.n ° .�, �..� ,.�..�*us �.; .,re.�n «��a��ww�t�c��w��a��ras��h��i�e�w�ia�";��:m��a��,^��wmrr��srz��sr��ar��s�„�'t��c�rer��r�rr��cc�a., The netwarkdesign extended beyond the downtown area.However,the focus was on 644 premises in the downtown area.This design is not intended to specify the location of a pilot project, Rather,the design simpiy provides information n�eded for cost mc�deling: Given the exist`rng infrastructure downtown;any work dc�ne in the Downtown area wc�ufd likely be 10�/0 aerial with the exceptian of the area that is currently under construction in the Redding Dc�wntawn Specific Praject where conduit is being instalEed to service buildings in the Market Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding City Gouncil—Prepared by EntryPoint Netwacks Page ( 25 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Street area.The assumptians for this cast modeling include a 25-year finar�ce term at a�l interest rate. This modeC also assumes that construction is financed using 81 interest for an average period of 6 manths. This pricing'rn this mode!also assumes a fuN city-wide implementation and the projected cost in each scenario is an average based on the variables in that scenario(percentage of aeria(vs undergraund and take-ratie).There is a Cine item below for Hut'sJ�abinets out in the field.This line item includes the cost of instailation for HVAG and electricity.The[ine item for Electronics includes the electrc�nics in the cer�tral of#ice;aggregation locatians in thefield,and at the prerrrise. Market conditions may have a rt-�eaningful difference on these projections for both materials and iabar, Monthly Ir�frastruct�re Cast Modeled From 64� Prerr�ises The first'illustration of Infrastructure�apital Costs;per premise assumes a 60°la take-rate and a prz�ject that is 1t7�%w aerial,We can adjust"these variables on a r�eighborhood by neighborhood Eaasis as needed. Costs +�t 60°lo T,�ke R�te 100�a Aerial Description Common Drop Total Labor-Hours 5:28 2:11 7s39 Labor- E�b�lar5 $625.OQ $150.Od $775.00 Equipr�tenC $1$5.36 $28.63 $213.98 Ma�erials $282.91 $93>64 $376:55 Sup��ies $93.27 $5;63 $98:90 Rest�ration $4$.10 $1:76 $49;86 Hut/Cabinet �1(i$.07 $5:90 $113;97 Feeder Fib�r' $��.C?2, $C}.99 $37:02 Engineering $37.?t� $1:03 $38.13 Professional Services . $148.42 $25.16 $163.58 Electronics $166.67 $350.d0 $516:67 Subscriber Acquisitivn $0.0(� $1a�3.QQ $100,�d Total $1,736':28 $7�.85 $2,483.64 Monthly Infrastructur��e $13.78 The secand i(lustration af Infrastructure Capital Costs per prernise�ssumes a 6(7°lo take-rate and a project that is 100°lo underground.We can adjast t�es�uariabies an a neighbarhood by neighborhood basis as needed, Co�ts at 60%Talce Rate 1oo�O undecground Description Gommon Drop Total Labor- Hours 12.5 5.00 17:50 Labor- Dollars $2,250,00 $300.QQ $1;55Q.n0 Equipment $37Q,72 $57,25 $427.97 Materials $565:82 $287.28 $753.10 Supplies $93.27 $5.63 �98,90 Restoration $48.10 $2.76 $49.8F HuttGabinet $108.07 $5.90 $113.97 Feeder Fiber $36.02 $0.99 $37.01 Engineering $37.10 $1.�3 $38.13 Professional Services $148,42 $15.16 $263.58 ECectronics $166:67 $350:00 $516.67 Subscriber Acquisition $0:00 $1dC7.00 $10d.f}0 Total $2;636.67 $1,030A0 $3,$49.17 Monthly Infrastructure Fes $21:35 6roadband Master Plan-Report to Redding Gity Cauncil-Prepared by EntryPaint Netwarks Page � 26 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � The third illustration of Infrastructure"�apita(Costs per premise assumes a 6Ul take-rate and a project that is a mix of 40%a aeria!and 6Ul underground.We can adjust these variabl�s on a neighborhood by neighborhood basis as needed. Lo5t5 �t 60°lo Talce R�te 40°�Aeriai!60�o Underground Description Common Drop Total Labor-Hours 10.d0 4.00 24.d0 Labor-Dollars $1,Od0:OQ $240:t76 $1,24t1:{�0 Equipment $296:57 $45:8d $342;37 Materials $45265 $149:&2 $602:48 Supplies $9327 $5.63 $98:90 Restora��or� $48:14 $1.76 �49:8� Hut/Cabinet' $108:07 $5:90 $113.97 Feeder Fiber'" $36:02 $Q:99 $37.d1 Engir�eering $37:20 $2:d3 $38.13 Prafessional Services $148.42 $15.16 $263,5& Electronics $166:67 $350:OQ $516.67 Subscriber Aequisition $O.QO $100.Q0 $10Q.00 7ota1 $2;3$6.8� $916.09 $3;8fl2:95 Nionthly In#rastr�u�iure Fee $1$:32 The analysis belc�w pravides details to assist city leaders in prt�periy evaluating a potential Gity- wide Redding Fiber network,including the ec�sts, requirements,aptianal business models;and risks invalved. High Level Networl<Desigrr A high=level network desigrt fc�r the Garden Traet neighborhoad was deve{oped in order fo produce a cast model#c�r that nei�hborhocad and a mode(that can be used to extrapolate to other areas ofthe city.The focus was e�n 155 premises i�fhe Gardec�Tract neigh�arhoad.The Biarri Networks Fiber t�ptic Network Design Tool was used to create�he desjgn and caleulate materials costs for this design. Garden Tract— High Level Network�esi[�t� �, �� — — —�, ��ti �� ,rr°� „ �� n�� .�,�nv, J �� ., � i�y(�f�'r4t 14Si'i PY3{�1Y y�. � �Li��k�� i . e.q'v�dr."� c" � ��`.. �`{' �' 3 s� ��.. a,� �, ". u� �� w � ��`' �. �a�� x� ��' " � r� �� ., �. . . . + d,�. x �.. , * �.. .. ; �, . x '�. , �. R'arv;rrvv�w+Mmi3t�:m,�"aifi��mnn n+ara\�'�,+'w.MfY':,^i9rn�W,vCMi�ehx'�":�hiN�"�C,fiw,ar.2Y5'ti�w✓Uirti�.RYma H%i n xMflaa,e�,Hv:riHttrr,iH�sw�t'k":=<�E.w",a»S*�M.��^Y�m,rt,at,xrMNuttt�M.6t SM',M"�;.�nA'�'.3�xYnnttti",'MY,nr;t✓r�n'.+Ke�itcNrr*+:�Sii,�xm5rs-m,^a�a�tt��. Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 27 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � To model the cost structure of a full Gity-Wide Deploymentr it is irnportant to separate the mair� cost c�tegories far deploying and aperating broadband netwarks to c�ptimize the costs in e�ch of the categories: � lnfrastructure Gapital Gosts (Financed over 2(}-25 years} � Network Maintenance&Operations � Services Infrastructure Capital Crasts- City-Wide Deployment The cost modeling that fal►ows assumes the city has established a fiber optic backbone by adding fiber�c�unt tc��Fi�planned REU Fiber-ta-the-Substation prgject and repiaced leased corrnections ft�r fF��city i-Net wit�a City controlled fiber aptic network. Labor Costs After analyzing Prevarling wage requirements,the ex�ected (�abor Gc�sts were increased by 33l for both the Common(Neighborhood Gonneetion}and Drop(Fiber ta the Home}. M�rr�tl�ly lnfrastructure �ost The fiest Nfustratit�n of Infrastruct�are Capital Gosts per premise assumes a 60°la take-�ate and a project that is�.t3t71 underground.The data ir�the line items in this model came feom a combination of the Biarri Netinriark Design tool;actua[bids for materials,and network buildout experience. Take-rate is a variable that is critic�f�o'project success because tl�e operational sustainability af a project depends on crossing a c�rta�n take-rate thre�ho[d and take-rate has a meaningful impact an the cost per premise. ��< ��' �� i r��"�.� �� t�r� � �5�{�� X°�441t� F S �" ��ar�F�- �y�� ,c.,�� s�� S �St�J�� ` ��t��`t 5v �� `u s��s v�i ��f+��i}��.. � {4��'��#Xi�� ., 21 rf�ff±n.. � 4'` 5 4r ��, ��,t �� The following table illustrates the impact of take-rate on total cost per premise with a rate of 60°lo as ne�trai an impact: Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 28 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Why Tal�e-Rate is Impcartant Take-Rate CastJSub 5ubscribers Differenee vs. 60°�Take-Rate 5;(�t7�fo $34,915.�0 2»250 - ��.,€��a`�.�3�) 10:00°fo $17,970.00 4,300 $16,945:00 (��,1.?�.c�� 15:00°fa $12,321.67 6,450 $5,648:33 ('��3,�t7�%.°C); 20:OO�a $9,497.50 8»600 $2,824.17 ��5,�r�a�.�;3� 25,00°/a $7;803.00 1d,75Q $1,694.5Q (��,��a�.43� 30;00°la $6,673:33 12,900 $1,129.67 ��,��'�.�.�} 35:OO�la $5;86�:43 15,(}50 $8d6:90 ;��",�}�,�.?�j 4Q�0°fu $5;261.25 17,2t70 $6Q5.18 (�1,��2.�J&� 4�.(}��a ' $4,790.56 19,35d $470:69 ��4�,3�) 50.00°fa $4,414.00 21,500 $376:56 ��;�t34.�3� 55.00°!0 $4,105.91 23,650 $3d8.09 (�i2:�f�,x�-) 60.00°/a $3,849.17 25,80(7 $256.74 $0.00 65.00�0 $3,631.92 27,950 $217.24 i ' 70.Q0°lo $3,445.71 30,100 $186.21 '� .t �':'; 75:OO�o $3,284.33 32;250 $161:38 £,{ ��>'�. 8Q.�0°l0 $3,143i13 34,40� $141.21 r?��?� �3�.b0°la,: $�,�18.�3 36,550 $124.60 q;;..z 90.OQ°!o . �$2,907.�$ �. 38,70D �110.76 ��.,.�� 95.00°/a � $2,8fl8,6� 40,850 $99�.09 '�.;.,,�r w:�� 100.00�a '�� $2,71.9.5(� '� 43,Q00 $89.18� ��1 1. .:.��r GeQgraphical Information Cerster Repor� Estimates and projectians were nc�t correlated wi�h the work done by the Geographical Information Genter at the Ur�iuer�ity of Californi�,Chico State because current projections foeused an a per premise�csst.The GIG did nc�t�Srovide a per premise ec�st but provided an estimated range for tot�l common depl�yment cost far�}�e fiber-optic r�etwork in the Downtown Redding Pilot Project Area.An important finding frorr�th�GIG report emphasized the likelihoad that project synergies and efficiencies could occur by leveragir�g e�isti�g city resourses and as a result af the city doing the backbane project and the Pilc�t pr�a}��t in conjunctian.There would be cumulative or compoanding positive effects from doir��al1 of the projects. Full City-Wide Depl�yment Infrastructure Netwark Qperations The fallowing Table summarizes the anticipated cost structure fcsr Netw4rk Maintenance& Operatians.This schedule produces a monthly M&O fee for the Broadband Utility at$24,25 per manth,The city would need to subsidize network operations until enough seale is established to achieve sustainabifity. Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 29 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Networi<Management S�Dperatians Co�t Structure The nurrtbers and categories in this model are derived from'many years of experience with actua[ casts for Braadband projects.Lab�r costs are madeled to reflect Galifarnia wages. �� a �„ � �� costs/a�cruais/��s�r�es Sz�.�s ��z�,�so �7,so�,soo zoo,00�o Power $1:41 $36;288 $435,452 5:80°fo Go-Lo Fees $0:35 $9,072 $1t�8;863 1.45°l0 �abar $8.00 $206,465 $2;477,574 33.00°la Office $0,58 $15,016 $180,187 2,4fl°lo Vehicles $0,73 $18;77d $225,234 3.00°l0 Tt>C��S ' $0.21 $5,443 $65,318 0.87°l0 �quipment $1.18 $3(1,344 $364,128 4.85°l0 ;Supplies $Q.12 $3,128 $37,539 0.50°la Dig-line $0.19 $S;QOS $6�,Q62 Q.80°l0 Maintenance $1_18 $30;344 $364;128 4:85°l� Call Center $0.36 $9,385 $112;617 1.50°l0 Network Operations Center(ManitoringJ $0:36 $9,385 $112;617 1.50°t'a Equipment Refresh costs(Reserves) $4.00 $103,232 $1,238,787 16.5Q°lo 't�ic�nses Fe�s(SaaS,Etc.} $2.00 $51,600 $619,2d0 8.25°l0 ReYlt�ls''' $1.18 $30,3�#4 $364,1Z8 4.85°fo Business Insurance $0.12 $3,128 $37,539 Q.50°la Bad Debt $0:45 $11,887 $142,648 1,9Q°la Equipment Replacement $0:02 $526 $7,508 Q.1Q°l� Taxes and Fees�Property} $0:00 $0 $d 4.00°l� Interest $0:24 $6,257 $75;t178 1.0(�°l0 Reserves �1.55 $39;916 $478,998 6.38% Total $24.�5 $525,634 $7,507,6t}7 100.Q0°lo Based upon 25,800 Network Subsc�'ik��rs Staffing Modeling f�r Intern�l N�twc�r�C dperatic�ns The following Table models the cast structure for th�j�ositions rt��t��l for the City of Redd'€ng to aperate the network with city emp(oyees:The model prouic��s suffiicient resources for netvrrc,rk managernent and operations.The model does nat include resources for construction,The cost structure improves with ecanomies of s�aie{stsbscriber growth},The city wi(I need to subsidize this department through the first 2 years af operatior�s and that invest�ent will be paid back by operational suepluses as subscribers grow from 12,0070-25,�CI0,The work that will be done by the Network Operations Department includes netw�rk monitaring; netwark management, outside plant repairs,&new customer installations: Losses in Years 1-2 can be mitigated by lev�raging existing Cityresources. Fully fully Fu11y Position Compensated Gc�mpensated �c�mpensated FIou�1y Rate Monthly Gost Annual Cvst Manager $&7 $15,480 $180;96{3 I.T.Nianager $44 $7,6Z7 $91,520 I.T.Technician $33 $5,720 $68,6�0 Outside Manager $38 $6,587 $79,Q40 Uutside Plant Tech $27 $4,680 $56;160 Broadband Master Plan-Report to Redding Gity Gouncil-Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 30 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Subscriptians & 5taffing Projectcons Subscribers Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 NewSubscribers 1,2QQ 8,200 8,2t30 8,200 - - Subscriber at Ye�r End 1�2Q0 9,400 17,600 25;$00 Z5;80(7 25,8t30 Labor Allocation $8.q0 $8.00 $8:00 $8.€}Q $8:00 $8:C10 Cash Flaw from �abor $57,618.00 $508,953:00 $1,296,405.OU $2,083;851.04 $2,477;574.00 $2,477,574.tJ0 Staffing Projections Year�. Year� ltear 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Sr Director 0 0 1 1 1 2 IT Manager 1 1 2 2 2 2 IT Technician Q.5 2 4 8 8 8 Outside Plant Manager 1 1 2 2 2 2 Outside Plant Laborer Q:S 4 8 12 12 12 Position Year 1 Ye�r 2 Ye�r 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 5r Director $OAO , $0.00 $18(},96Q.00 �180,960.00 $180;96(1.Ut7 $180,96(}.�t3 IT Manager $91,520.Oa $��.,520:00 $1,83,C740.00 $183;040.00 $183,a4(}.0(} $183,O�O,aO ITTechnician $34,320.00 $137,2$0.00 $�74,560.00 $549,120:(�0 $549;120:(lt3 $549;120:t}0 Outside Plant Manager $79,040A0 $7g,{7�C7.�Q $158,08C}.t�0 �158,080.00 $158;U8€}:€l0 $158,C?�0.00 Outside Plant Laborer $28,080.00 $224,640.0(} $449,2��3,t}� $67��92{}.00 $673,92Q.Q0 $673,920,Ot} -ro�at Sz3z,9�o.0o 55��,�.so.00 $s,z��,��o.ao 5z,�as,�zo.00 5�;,7as,�2o,�0 ��.,�a�,�z�.�o Net �$s�s,3�z.aa} c$z�,s2�..o0} �st�,ass.00 ��.�ss.o� 5��,��.00 �a��,��.�o Projec� Pro-Forma �inancial Pro-F�rma �f Full Project Cr��ts - 4 Year Build- Ethernet Arcl�itect�re Projected Inner Ring Casts to Redding* $259,87(}.71 Prajected Costs ta get ta City Assets $1,973,332.a(} Prajected Cost Per Premise (Common and Drop) ** $3,435.07 Estimated Subscribers 25,8(3t3 Total Cost(Comman& Drop} (Incfudes Short Ter�m Interest} $88,624,861.73 Prafiessional Services $300,OOQ.00 Total Projected Project Costs (4-year k�uild) $91,158,06�,44 *Assumes Redding only pays additiona/cast ta increase fiber count to 288: **Assumes a1140%aeria/,60%underground,60/take rate&short-term interest rate af 81 and long-term bond rate of 4%far 25 yea�s. Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 31 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Projec�ed Subscrip�ian Costs Projected Resid�ntial Services Monthiy Costs 100°Ia Under rp ound 6(�f40 Split 100°l�A�ria� Infrastructure $21.35 $18:32 $13:78 Maintenance and Operations $24.25 $24.25 $24.25 ISP Service(Dedicated 1 GB SymmetricalJ 9.99 9;99 9.99 Monthly Total $55.59 $52,56 $48:(12 Projected Business Ser�ri�es Monthly�c�sts 100%� Und�rt�round 60140 Sp[it 100°lo Aerial Infrastructure $21.35 $18.32 $13.78 Maintenance and t7p�tatiar►s $24,25 $24,25 �24.25 ISP Service (Dedicated,l GB Symmetrical} 49:99 49:�9 49.99 Monthly Total $95.59 $92.56 $88.�2 The Residential$9.99 monthly 1SP fee listed��ve is based upc�n currenf pricing from the/ist of lSPs interested in praviding services in Redding. The differences between Residential and 8crsiness pricing are based or�the need for many businesses to have 24x7 custamer support. Prajected C�pital ��cpe�di�ures �, Funding Timeline Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total Capital[asts Inner-Ring(Backbone) $86,623.57 $86,623:5? $85,623:57 $259;870:?2 CityAssets $657,777:33 $657,?77:33 $657,777,33 $1,973;332.40 Subscriber Drops $1;099,312:80 $7,511,970:80 $7,511,970:80 �7,511,97t1.St1 $23,635,225c20 Subscriber Cammon $2;864,232.00 $19,572;252:00 $19,572,252.00 $i�,572,252.Dfl $61,580,988:flfl Interest Reserve(Drops} $158,541:79 $1;400,452;54 $1;b$3,368:91 $1,083,368:91 $3,725,732:11 Interest Reserve(Backbone) $29,776.04 $36,705.92 $29,776.04 $0:00 96 257:99 Total $4,896,263.53 $29,265,782.12 $28,941,76&.65 $2&,167,591.71 $91;271,406;fl2 Shorf Term Financi�q{Bui(d Out) New Backbone $744,400:90 $744,400:90 $744,400:90 $O:OQ $2,233,2Q2.71 Retired -$1,Sd2,338:00 -$1,415,714:00 Total $744,400:9� $1,488,SOS:$1 $744,400:90 $0:00 New Drops $3,963,544.80 $27,084,222:80 $27,084,222:SQ $27,084,222.80 $85,216,213,2tt Total $3;463,544:8Q $31,047,767.60 $27,084,222.Sd $27,084,222.&0 LongTerm Funding New Backbone $1,555,283.77 $774,136.94 $2,329,46t3.70 New Build $32;606,7fi1:89 $28,167,591.71 $28,167,591.71 $8$,941,945,31 Total Backbone $1,555,283.77 $2,329,460.70 $2,329,460.7� $2,329,#64,7fl Total Build $3Z,6d6,761.89 $5�,774,353.60 $88,941,945:31 $88,941,945.31 Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 32 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � - Proje��ed Incame & Cash Flow Timeline Year 1 Year 2 Year3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Subscribers New Subscribers 1;200 8;2dd 8,20D 8,200 - - #vf Subscriber at year end 1,200 9;400 17,6Q0 25,800 25;80(7 25r8(7f� Income 5tatement(Revenue) Gity Services $31,dOQ.CI� $1�0,165.67 $131,166.57 $185,000.00 $186.UOQ.�O $186,0OO.OtI Infrastructure Fees $133.,9�3.43 $1,165;394.27 $2,968,457.10 $4;771,519.93 $5;673,051:35 $5,673,051:35 Maintenance and Operations $574,600.QQ $2,542�300.00 $3,9Z8,500:00 $6;31R,700:OQ $7,St17,800;0(7 $7;Sfl7,$00�0€7 Total Revenue $337,531:43 $2,$07,860.94 $7�028;123.77 $11,272,219.93 $13,366,$51:35 $13,36b,851,35 Operatmq Costs(Expenses) Maintenance and Operations =5134;653.52 -$92{�,118.72 -$3;029;659.20 -$4;869,896;64 $5;794,01536 -$5,79D;OT5:36 M&O Labor Difference ; -$175;342:00 -$2�3�a21,00 $50;485.�0 $338,731,00 $732,454:Q0 $732,454,dd Professional Services -$75;dD0:d0 -$75,000.00 -$75;OOd.00 -$75,000.00 (Consulting;Legal,-EngineeringJ Interest Reserve -$188,317.83 -$1,437;158:42 -$1,113;144:95 -$1,083,358:91 $O.dO $0.00 Debt Service Reserve -$131,931'.43 ; -$1,165,33d.27 -$901,531:42 -$9C}1,532:42 $0:0� $0:4Q M&0 Reserve $39,��.4$ $272,9�1.28 -$898,840.80 -$1,444,��3:3b -$1;717,784:64 -$1,717,784:64 Total Expenses -$745,191.25 ,$�,�34,173.69 -$5,967,691.36 -$8;a�5,&59.33 -$6,775,346.Q0 -$6,775,346.OQ Net(Revenue vs Expenses) $407;659.83 -$1,086r312.75 �1,�760;43Z.40 $3,236,350.61 $5,591,5(}5:35 $6,591,SQ5,35 Loan Payment Backbone $94,S�f,77 $149,113:35 $149,113:35 $144,113:35 Build Out $2,0&7,�22.83 '', $3;890,285:65 $5,693,348:49 $5,693,348;49 Total Loan Payments $2,��6,779.60 �4,039,399.01 $5,842,461.85 $5,842,461.&5 Net -$407;659.83 -$1,086,312.75 -$�,126,347.19 -�803,048.41 $749,ti'�3:51 $749,Q'�3;51 Cash Flow Capital Expenditures =$4,707,945.70 =$27,828,623.'1b -$�7,828;523.7t� , $�7;084,222�80 $0:0� $0:£�t7 Money Borrowed $4,707,945.70 $27,&28,623.70 $29,454,09�.95 $2$;197,�67.75 $1;083,368:51 $0:04 Net $0.00 $�:00 $1,525,47�.25 $1,21�,1#4.95 $1>083,368:91 $0:40 Revenue $337;531.43 $2,807;$6Q.94 $7;02$;123:77 $11,272,219:93 $13,366,851:35 $13,366;$51,35 Cash Expenses -$384;99352 -$1,018;639.72 -$3;054,174.20 -$4,�t36,165.6A -$5,(157,561:36 -$5,057;561.36 LoarrPayments -$2,186,779:60 $4,t3��,33�.C31" -$5;842,�61:85 -$5,842,451:85 Net Cash -$47;462.09 $1,789,221.22 $1,787,169.97 $�,fs26,�i55.28 $2,455,828.15 $2,466,828.15 Accrued InteresY -$188,317:83 -$1,�37;158.42 -$5,113;144.95 -$1,083,368;91 $O:OQ $Q:QQ Unrestricted Cash -$219,342:00 $350,845.67 $1,612,274.00 $1;393,455:45 $1;832,412:42 $749,043.51 Reserve Debt Service $131,931.43 $1,165,394.27 $901;531.42 $901,531.42 $�:OQ $t�l�� Maintenance and Operations $39;948.48 $272;981.28 $89$,840.8t} $1,444,8Q3.36 $1;717,784:64 $1,717,784.64 Total Reserve $171,879.91 $1,438,375.55 $1,800,372.22 $2,345,334.75 $2,717,784.64 $1,717,784.64 Tata)Gasfi -$47,462.09 $1,?89.221.22 �3.412;645.22 $3,739,8(ft1.23 $3,550,19?.U6 $2.466,828.15 Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 33 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � �� Because project feasibility is uCtimately a#unctic�n of getting people to s€gn up ar�d remain loyal�c� the netwcark,there needs to be a value proposition that mc�bilizes custcamers tc�subscribe. F�ar that to happen,subsccibers rieed a compelling solution and the netwe�rk needs tcr create cash flow predictability and bankable contracts to attract financing for the project. NetEquity in San Francisco visualizes these dependencies in this way: �letEquity Stack �.�_�� .� - - - Pec�pE� ... are hungry far Services _ � . . ,� f Services are hungry for Infrastructure x � r , �� 4 , �,. . '``` � � �nfra�tructure is hur�gry far Ca�ital . � �� - - _.._ _ _ _ �n_ - __ - -, Capital is�t�r�gry for Cash Flow Predictability �� _ _.w�_ _ �:. .�.__µ-_____ Cash Flow Predictability is hune�ry for Bankable Contraets - ��_ �_ _w_� �._ .. Bankable Contacts result from Align�c� Incentives __w__ _. Aligned Incentives requires �`rust � � . �_____�__.._ _ _ Trust �omes from Navir�g the Same Vision lsfandiyar(Asfi)Shaheen develapec(the NetEqufty:Stack abave.Ntr�Shaheen is a G(obal 8roadbani� /nfrastructure Thoughtleader based in San Francisco. He is working to pravide fiber optic connectivity ta unconnected countries around the world: ��I �:�r�s��ic�r�� The Redding�ity Attorney is preparing a separate anaCysis describing the Gty's legal authority to build,awn,and operate broadband infrastructure as we(f as other legal and risk-related considerations for organizing a braadband utility. Broadband Master Plan-Report to Redding Gity Gouncil-Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 34 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � �C�� The following is an analysis of the main risk factors facing the City of Reddirsg shc�u[d eity leaders decide to pursue a fiber-to-the-premise deployment:A portion ofithese risks exist for tFre REU and I-NET projects,but a city-wide project wc�uld be much more compiex�n design,errgineering and canstruction and have the added complexity of education and carnmunicatior�with patential subscribers. Hawever,successfully executing on the first 2 prc�posed prc�jects would greatly reduce the risk of subsequent fiber-to-the-premise projects. Eight�otenta) Risk�actars are analyzed: 1.Sub�criber Churrt Risk �.Take-Rate Risk /�; /� 3. Project Execution#�isk Pd tel�tc�� 1�l,�K 4. Equipment and Techr�ology Risk �C 5.Community Engag�ment Risk I �G't(,�r�'� 6,Cost Modeling Risk 7..Business Model Risk Likelihood ��15� �i�7,C�aCt Subscri�er Chu�'n ��fga�� Subscriber Churn isthe risk that customers sign up and then don't remain subscribers ta the network. Likelihoad:Today customers are prirrtari(y driven t�y cost,speed and c�stomer service.Churn is possible and is a consequence�sf the custamers pursuing an optian to get better value from an alternative solution.The likel'r�ac�cl of churn is hi�h if a new markef solution simply eeplicates the incumbent madel.The Iikelil�t�ocl crf churn goes dc�wn under a Business Made1 where 1)tl�e cus#omer is financially responsi�le ft�r the drea�i to their property and 2j where the value proposition is strong enaugh to make t'he customer vc�iurttarily committed ta the network: Impact:The impact af churn on the network is pot�ntiaily catastr'c�phie if it reaches a level wt�ere the capital and aperational cost of the abandoned ir�frastr�rct€rre cannat reasonalaly be shared by remaining suhascribers. Mitigation:Ghurn can be mitigated by implementing a busir�ess model that makes customers voluntarily committed to the network and by assigning financial responsibility to customers for their lateral connectian. Tal<e-Rate Risk Take-rate risk is the risk that the City builds out the netwc�rk ant!ends up with a take-rate that is lower than expected: Likelihaod;Take-rate risk is possible and is a function crf the value prapositian of t�re network and how well that value proposition gets cc�mmunicated and managed before cor�structian starts.Nigh take-rates lead to lower network costs foc subseribers.This creates a virtuous cycle where lower costs lead to higher take rates.The reverse is also true. Impact:The warst-case scenaria is one where lower take rates lead to highee costs and churn which create a death spira(that negatively c4mp€aunds until the network'rs nat sustair�able: Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Cauneil—Prepared by EntryPaint Netwarks Page � 35 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Mitigation. Manage demand aggregat'ran before construction I�egins and give cortsumers a value praposition that makes them voluntarily committed tc�the network infrastructure, Proiect Execution Project Executiort includes strategY, planningx project management and fulfiNment of the project plan and c�perational executian, I.ikelihood: Project executic�n failure is possible and is a function af the effectiveness c�f project planning, management,controls and execution. Impact:l'he severity of impact is in proportion ta the effectiveness of project management and executicin.A war�t-case scenario is ane where project executian affects thevalue propasition; �irhich in turn affects take-rate and churn; Mitigation: Hire or p�rtner with skilled praject managers and key strategic partners.Create alignment arriong key team members an the project�(an and operatior�al pCan. C�evelop project controls that are monitored and reparted to senior leadership an a monthly basis. Equiprner�t�Technolo��y Risl< Equipment&TecF��tt�(agy Risk includes both saftware and hardware so(utions and is the risk that equ`rpment fiailui`�rates are higherthan expected, major softwa�-e bugs are unresolved, operatianal reliak�ility is lawer th�r�expected, and/or that the technoCogy lifecycle leads to faster obsolescence t�an is expectec�.;Fc�r a network the size of Redding,an additianal risk:is scalability risk. Middle Mile risk cc��erecl in the Middle fttlile pricing sectian. Likelihood:Safutions-with shc�rt d�ployment histc�r�i�s,unreliable references;unclear quality control and test pracedures,weak professional te�rns;and poorly architected scaiability abstractions present insreas�ci;ec�uipment and tec�nology risk. Impact:The impact of this risk categc�ry is r�c�derate because it is possible to vet both software and hardware systems to assess this risk,The base tec�tr�ology ofi the network will be fiber optic cable and that has sufficien#history to present a mintsr risk to t�te�art�ject. Remaining risks inelude electronics and software systems. Mitigation: Implementthocough due di1�g��ce prc�cesses with trained professionals to scrutinize references,arcfiitecture,software abstractions,quaCity control systems and the prof�ssianal histories af vendors being considered. Community Engagement �ammunity Engagement is the marketing,educatian and corrrmunicatian processes and strategies used to inform residents and businesses about the valae propositiorr offered bythe network. �ikelihaod:GommunityEngagement risk is possible but nonetheless a risk that car�be managed and monitored. Poor planning,managemenf and executic�n increases the level af risk. Community engagement can be handl�d by i�ternal city staff, but risk increases ifstaff inember resnurces are inadequate far a project of this size.There is an abundant supply of marketing professiona(s avai(able ta assist with comrriunity engagement processes: Impact:Cammunity engagerrtent is a'key driver of projeet success due to the relat'ronship between com'munity engagement and take-rate. Braadband Master Plan—Report ta Redding Gity Gauncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 36 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � Mitigation. Leverage tC�e skills of competerit marlceting professionals and pri�vide sufficient resources to make it easy for every resident to learn the k�asic v�lue prc�position for the network in comparisan to alternatives through a variety af marketing;educatian and communication strategies. Cost Modelin Risl< Cost Modeling Risk is the risk that cost madeling significantly'underestimates actuai tlesign; ccrnstruction and/or operatianal cc�sts; Likelihood.There is enough'rndustry data to reasonabfy validate cost estimates. Imp�c€.Gost c�uerruns can have a moderate to disastrous impact an network sustainability. 1111itigation�Validate financial assumptians against industry assumptions;market conditiar�s,and account for local ecanamic variables. B�asiness Model Risl< TF�e Business Model deplayed has a significant influence on praject success and inckudes financiai anc�pc�{itic�l risks to the y�rcrj�ef.An impartant companent af Business Model planning is to define the optim�l rc�fe for the Gity,of Redding in building and operating a fiber aptic network: Likelihoad:Risks related to the business model increase when the made[forces participation, simply repiicat�s the incumbent madel or establishes a role for the Gity of Reddir�g that is not supparted by resid�nt�,Th�raie of the City prirt�arily has to do with whether the City prouides ISP services and whe��ter the Gity is the network operatar. Impact:The impact of poor B�5ine5s Model planr�ing ar strategy ranges from maderate to catastrophic,depending uptan�he impact on key success s�easures like churn or tak�-rate, Mitigation:The city can mitigate Bu�irtess�iode[risk v�rith a model that does not corr�pel participation but fosters uoluntary commitment to th��etwork via the val�ae�rrapositian:The risk of making participation mandatary is that this rer��tirement car�€�ister an organized politica) movement opposing the network that would nnt e�tisY if the c�ption to part�cipate was volur�tary: Rer�ulatory Rcsl< Regulatory Risk is the cisk that State ar Federal regulations change during or after a project and become a barrier to the city`s ability to o�erate its network. Likelihoad: Regulatory risk negatively affecting a city in California fcom going forward with an existing network implementation or pcecluding a city from operating an existing network is very unlikely because trends at the state and federal level aver the past 3�mont�rs are toward enabling and supporting municipal netwarks, lf current trends were to reverse, it is-likely thaf existing networks would be grandfathered into prior regu{atory frameworks. Impact:A state or federal prohibition for a municipal network,althaugh highly unlikely,would be an existential problem. Hflwever,the underlying fib�r optic infrastructure w�uld stil{have significantvalue to private operators—including wireless carriers. Mitigation:The Redding City Attorney should prepare a separate analysis explaining the City's Legal Authocity to build;own,and aperate broadbar�d'rnfcast�-ucture. Building and operating a Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 37 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � successfuC network that is widely supported by subscribers is a strong defense against future regulatory constraints: ��a r�rr��r� �. �;c�r��l��c�� Media Fiber Optic Cable is a far superior media in comparison to DSL and Goaxia)Gable,lt is superiar in current�apacity,future capacity and in the ability to deliver symmetrical speeds: E3�tsiness Madel if COR decides ta pursue a Pilot projeci and j ar�city-widefiber to the premise project,the City could be successful r�plicating the Ghattanoaga,TN model or an Open Access modeL City leaders will need ta decide on the business model that pravides the best#it for the strategic objectives�f the Gity.Open access will produce a 20%+month(y savings for residentia(and smaEl ta medium sized busin�sses because trf increased competition between Internet Service Prov'rders. Projects 1} Increase the Fiber Count for the REU Broadband Project#ar City of Redding ilse The REU project tt�ccsnnect s�tbstatians with€iber optiics is an opportunity ta establ`rsh a rabust fiber ring around the Ci#y c�f Redding�t a consi�lerably lower cast than a stand-alone pr�ject by simply increasing the fiber count to�88. If Gity leaders plan to d4 any of the subsequent prajects, this is a necessary first step. 2) Gity INET—Buiid Fiber Ctptic l��twork tc�Ct�nnect C[��t Asse#s The City af Redding is currently paying incumbent oper�tors for leased cannecttons for city buildings and assets,induding REU inf�astructure.Th�city can re��c�these Ceased connections with fiber optic infrastructure which provides much great�r bandwidth,the abilityto pay off the asset over a 12-year period by putting in the same$18f,U{3�it is eurrentCy paying annually;zhe long-term value of this is significant-ev�r�if t�i��ity daes not do a Pilot ar City-wide project, 3j Pilot Area&City-wide Fiber Optic Network to Residents and Busir�esses A Filot Area project would provide the city an oppc�rtunity to measure the level of interest and support#or municipal infrastructure;learn from an actual deployment,and provide a live demonstration af the so(ution the city decides is the best fit for its objectives, To canfirm the feasibility of this project,the city shauld pursue available grant apportunities and then begin aggregating demand through cammunify engagement. For a city-wide project ta be feasible,a City aperated utility is sustainable around 10,04� subscribers and as participafing neighborhaods achieve a 40l take-rate or higher to yield a cost structure where subscribers both save maney and get significantly faster network speeds;8c�th take-rate and total number of subscribers shau(d be cansideced for city-wide feasibility, Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 38 � � '�;`�� a � ��=z�;� � �� i � �,"' � . � , . � c . � �. .� � �� Rlext Steps inclucfe tf�e foll�wing: 1. City Leaders should deliberate and decide whether or not to go forwtard wifh prt�jects 18c 2(REU Fiber Gount Expansion and the 1NET praject}, 2. Begin project plannirsg far projects 1&2 if the City is going forward with these prajects, 3. Cr�ate RFP for Engineering a'nd Construction for Projec#s 18c 2 if the City is going 'forwa rd. 4. Apply for grants thaf may benefit a City of Redding netwark. 5. Collect better data on current internet pricing for small/medium size businesses city- wide. 6; Decide whether to pursue the Pilat area project foliowing results fram grant application; 7W If gcsing forward�decide whether the Gty will go forward with a single ISP madel under 't�te Electric��1Jtil�ty c�r,�n(7pen Access model 8. Create art RFP for Engineering and Construction for Pilot Project if the City is going forwari�. ` 9. Begin Ccc��nmunity Engagement fc�r Pi{at and Gity-wide projects if going farward: 10. Decide on�ity�wicte project per�dir�g successful execution of Pilot area project: 11: Create an RFP for Engine�rwng and Gonstruetion far a City-wide project if the City is gaing forward. 12: if the Gity�f Reddirtg en�s up daing a;C`r�y-wide�Sr�ject,there aresignificant adventages for both momentum and��a��r trar�saction costs for moving at a rapid pace thraugh construction: Broadband Master Plan—Report to Redding Gity Gouncil—Peepared k�y EntryPoint Netwo�-ks Page � 39 �; �� g ��i��r�i��r��r��a�� City of Re+dt��r�g Master �rc��►�band Plan Te��e�t�m��u��atiar�s Infrastructure Draft Version March 2019 � � City of Redding—Master Broadband Plan Telecommunications Infrastructure California State University, Chico % Geographical Information Center Elaborated by Jason Schwenkler,Geographical Information Center(GIC�FJirectt�r David Espinoza, GIC Broadband Special'ist{I.e�d author) Courtney Farrell, GIC Project Manager Susan Strachan, GIC Project�llanager Tyler Boyle,Senior GI�Ar�alyst Alice Patterson, Project A��l�rst Cynthia Barit�ui�;�ilSAssistan�� ' Dan L�c+�r�,Assistant 111 Luke Scho��,�C�chnical Editor � 1e �c�r��r►t� 1. Contents................................................................................................................................................3 2. Executive Summary...............................................................................................................................5 3. Introduction..........................................................................................................................................6 3.1 Broadband Importance and Applications in Rural Northern California........................................8 3.2 Broadband Definition (Federal and State) and California Coverage Goal..................................10 3.3 Broadband Demand Drivers............................................... .......................................................12 4. Current Broadband Landscape ....................................... .......a: ,......................................................14 4.1 Broadband Services Availability(Served, Unserved a�tt1 Na S�rvice Areas)...............................14 4.1.1 Wireline and Fixed Wireless Service Availak�ility....... ........: ............................................15 4.1.2 Advertised Download Speed Availability by ISP.................... ..y........................................18 4.1.3 Measured Broadband Service and Dc��rnload Speed Availability..:. .................................31 4.2 Broadband Services Adoption .................... ......t... ..�.,..... .................. ......... . .....................32 4.3 Middle-Mile Service Availabilit�w;.:t::... . ..... . . ......:........ ....................... ......... ......................33 5. Broadband infrastructure Upgrade R�c�mrn�ridations. ......... .......................................................35 5.1 Middle-and Last-Mile Network Up�rade Opt��r�s.. ......... ..�.... ............................................35 5.1.1 Fiber-to-t�r�-Hot�'t�;(��TH) Netwc�r�Desi�rt"..:. ........ . .......: ............................................35 5.1.2 High-�ev�l Fiber-Optic�t�twork Co��A�sessment..... ....'...................................................41 6. Policy Recommendations to Suppc+rt Broadband E�cpansion .............................................................46 6.1 A�li�y I:ssu��nd Con�i��tions......, .�..... .. ...........................................................................46 6.�,:�: Assess and t,r�iplemen�Smart City Ca��k�ilities...................................................................46 6.1.2 Ease for Broad�a�d Infrastr�cture Deployments...............................................................46 6.1.3 I�r�c�rity Areas for Br��i�dband 1r�frastructure Deployments ................................................46 6.1.4 Partrierships for Br�,�dband Infrastructure Projects ..........................................................47 6.1.5 Promote Brc�adbar�c��ervices Adoption to Foster Economic Development.......................47 6.2 Policies for Promot�ng�nd Improving Telecommunications Infrastructure ..............................47 6.2.1 Dig-Once Policy...................................................................................................................48 6.2.2 Develop Conduit Specifications ..........................................................................................48 6.2.3 Master Lease Agreement....................................................................................................48 6.2.4 Streamline Application Process and Permit Fees ...............................................................49 6.3 Sample Telecommunications Element for the City of Redding General Plan.............................49 7. Recommendations to Improve Broadband Service Adoption............................................................52 �� 8. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................53 9. Appendices..........................................................................................................................................54 9.1 Appendix A- Broadband Service Benchmarks............................................................................54 9.1.1 Downstream/Upstream Broadband Speeds (Mbps} ..........................................................54 9.1.1 Supplementa) Benchmark Metrics......................................................................................54 9.2 Appendix B: Middle-,Second-and Last-Mile Broadband Technologies.....................................55 9.2.1 Wireline Broadband............................................................................................................56 9.2.2 Fixed Wireless Broadband .............................. ........... f..:.................................................57 9.2.3 Mobile Broadband .......................................... ....,y.,., .......................................................58 9.2.4 New Technologies for Middle-and Last-Mile. .:...... ,<:::<................................................59 10. Glossary................................................. . . . ............. . ..... .....................................61 �� 2e E��i�r� ��ar�r�°��ry The following Master Broadband Plan for the City of Redding aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the current landscape of fixed broadband services for residential, business and industrial customers, recommendations for expanding and upgrading broadband infrastructure and services, and recommendations for developing and implementing local government policies which can support broadband infrastructure deployments, and improving broadband service adoption. The broadband assessment includes both fixed wireless and wireline services offered by Internet service providers (ISPs) and uses publicly available data from the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)and its Broadband Interactive Map. The recommendations for expanding broadband infrastructure and upgrading services focus on deploying a high-capacity and high-speed fiber-optic backb��te to reach areas of interest(i.e.,for economic development)in the city.The recommendations ford�u�(oping and implementing local policies focus on reducing technical and economic barriers for new`brt�ad�aand infrastructure deployments and streamline permit and authorization process in public rigf��s-of-wa�r.,�`he proposed policies also guide incorporating smart city capabilities in the City c�f Ft�dding. The r��t�rnmendations for improving broadband adoption include forming partnerships u�iittt existing organizatic�ns,and programs to establish credibility and identifying best practices for outre�+�h; implementation,follov�-t�rc�ugh and success. �� e I�1��"C�t��,��C�l� The City of Redding, founded in 1887, the county seat of Shasta County, is located along the Sacramento River, 162 miles north of Sacramento at the northern end of the Sacramento Valley. Figure 1 shows the location of Redding in California,"The Golden State".The city has a population of 91,236(2017)1 and 38,679 housing units (2017)1 in over 33 square miles. Relevant demographic statistics of Redding include the following: • Average household size {2017): 2.431 • Median age (2017): 38.21 • Income per capita (2017): $26,9961 • Average household income (2015): $65,3921 • Median household income (2017): $46,3891 � ��.�� a�� '�.,� ` � � �,,,,�"' ...�' �'u�..z��s�s�wf�a+.mr� � t ' m i ' � � j�"s�^}'�,.w. .v �� +f �� ;;,�"�; ��'-�s".� � �� da'su�w�.�+� t 8 �p ��rt� � ��y4"'"'" �," � �, "a��at� ��i # w � � � � � ,�„.�� 'w �� J, z� � 5� � � � �� .#"�� " �,, au�� o 1 s �,tw �'�_ � � a,«. � # �"�§. . ,.w,� �� ..re�� , �,�, ��°"„"��...��«�aro�� .w�'.: . °" ' � �p,,www+a�a�p.+� � � � �� ,. �� .. .. . . y$�`��W.: .en� �.ii .. t � � „�;rw..rrr qY"�. ��" � . „: . t,�„ � x� � ., � � ��, �. z �" �<._. �_.,..,a<� �ie�crr�10 �`��f f��dda'��o�cr�icsr�ira C'ali��rrricr cr�rd Sfa�s�ez C`c�tar�ty The City t�f Redding is th�.�enter of'trade and commerce for the upstate region of Northern California.Z Redding h�s received a rtumber of state grants over the last three years that are meant to assist in revitalizing dc��rntown R��ding. Among the numerous projects supported by these grants is a new Shasta County Courthc�cr�e�tar�i�ently under construction. Redding has a wide variety of industries, including Sierra Pacific Industries, one of the largest lumber producers in the U.S.Other prominent business in Redding include Seco Manufacturing,and Knauf Fiberglass. Redding is home to Mercy Medical Center,one of the largest employers in all of Shasta County. Redding also has its own municipal electrical utility, the Redding Electric Utility (REU), which provides electric utility services for residential and commercial customers. Shasta County as a whole has a civilian labor force of 75,400 individuals as of 2015. Shasta County's three largest industries by number of employees were the service industry, government, and retail trade. Redding is also home to Mercy Medical Center, a 267-bed hospital that offers some of the most comprehensive health care in Northern 1 U.S.Census Bureau,2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 2 City of Redding. https://www.cityofredding.org �Mi California. Shasta County is also home to 41 public elementary schools, 8 middle schools, and 15 high schools, as well as Shasta College and Simpson University. Lastly, Redding has a number of parks, an extensive system of trails through natural spaces, as well as the Redding Aquatic Center, which is the largest authorized provider of American Red Cross �earn-to-Swim Program in Shasta County. Redding Electrical Utility(REU) Redding is home to the Redding Electric Utility (REU), which provides electric utility services for residential and commercial customers.The REU was founded in 1921 after the utility was purchased from PG&E. In recent years, the REU has made great strides toward including various renewable sources of power including wind generation. The REU serves approximatefjr 44,000 residential and commercial customers within the City of Redding.As of 2017,the REU's mix t�f pc�wer resources consisted of 47%large hydro, 25% natural gas, 23% wind, and 5% small hydro poa�er:Th� REU also boasts an impressively low number and short duration of outages, less than half that ci�I�G&E.�'��REU has 726 miles of 12,000 volt power lines,ll substations,and 2 switchyards that prc��rii�e power to a seru'rce territory of 61 square miles. The presence of the publidy owned REU and its ext�rtsiue infrastructure,as sht��run in Figure 2,is a valuable asset that may potentially be leveraged in order`t� accelerate and reduce ccasts of future broadband deployments. G�r � s t t �k�§ �°# s, °� �x � F�z€ tt .�� '�r; ?'�� ;j;'��i `��'l�t�tr�}i� t z4��i�"�� 1`y��s�{�7tsr�iz3, .�,�}` i��t��r��Y� �..aS}`�� r,. ,ay.� ...v ..�.,��,��,«�,�.�.. r� ` f ° .�' :t �� ti^ �, � 4 � k � f 9�F';�� 7t� i 'G l�'Sk'�., tA ,,�,� �� k y } p,t�,��j{�� J�7 aYf in I �' r" � ltt I1 �� ju 1?{4}�7 ��/i $�Y}saJ r. � � s,,t, � z a�� x ` � 5 �,��€��..}t=�},� ; ,a �. �� i�ctr��v� d�eddir��Ie�tri��3tili�y infr�stru�ttar�� The City of Redding is the largest city in the Shasta Cascade region and is the sixth-largest city in the Sacramento Valley and continues growing local businesses as well as attracting new ones.This report aims to provide recommendations for upgrading broadband infrastructure and services in an optimal and cost-efficient manner to continue fostering a modern competitive environment with access to fast and affordable internet services, needed for both residential and business customers. s� 3.� �r��d�a�r�� lr��c�r��r�� plic:aii�ras a� F��r�€ �l��r�h�rr� �`al��c�r��ai� Education High-speed access is integral in connecting teachers to stud�nts, to parents and to educational resources. The rural digital divide diminishes access to education��,t��portunities, resources and sources of academic and professional support3. Without adequate k�i�ii-��eed connectivity, rural schools and students are challenged to obtain skills and information needed fo�`st�ccess.Teachers and administrators also benefit from the capabilities associated with access to h'tgh-speet�l�iternet service. Many rural school teachers and administrators cite connectivity limitati�ir�s as the primaC'j� flbstade to effectively using technology in the classroom4. Additionally, studer��t� r��y lack broadband (�i��ny) connectivity at home, putting them at a disadvantage when completing�s�ignments that require onlirie access and interaction. As more bandwidth intensive material moves onlir�e�such as educational vid"e�s; interactive learning tools, and video conferencing tools for teachers—connecti�r� sp��d��quickly becomitig a major issue for rural educators5. By eliminating these t��rrfiers through exp�nde�l access, schools can prt�vide curriculums that are currently unavailable due to limitet�r��rces or lack c�#subject-matter experts. Health Care The health care se��Ccir is t�merging as �.�eavy u�er cif telecorr��rtunications services. Improved imaging techniques prc�c�ctce larg� t��a files. Mc��ring t��is� files }��tween providers requires substantial capacity.Telecommun�ca�i�ns may be aJimiting fac�c�r�or the locativn of health care services.A location that does not have the te��communic�tions capaci�y for efficiently uploading and downloading large imaging files may fand provid�r�t�ec�t��s��y�her not te�1tt�ccate there or limit the services provided theres. Telehealth �is a, ��`�. d�livery r'�cide that c�r��rouide ��cess to specialists fior treatment of multiple conditian�: It can provitl�more effe�t�tre and effi�i�t�fi health care delivery by connecting physicians with physicians and patients witf�p�ysician��:The evidence for technologies that lower costs, connect remote population�, �nd expand the re�ch of t�rban-centered medical expertise is strong. Access to reliable, sufficient and a�f�rdable broadba�d is incre��ingly important to providing high-quality health care, and it has become an e5sential infrastruct�re need for all hospitals and health systems8. Agriculture Rural broadband pla�rt�ri��tas historically excluded tne importance of fast, reliable Internet access for agricultural areas. The rise t�f"precision agriculture" combined witn increasing interest in the use of "telematics" and "big data" for agriculture, raises the question of how available broadband connectivity 3 Howley,C., Kim, K.,&Kane,S. (2012,June). Broadband and Rural Education:An Examination of the Challenges, Opportunities,and Support Structures that Impact Broadband and Rural Education. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 Kuttner, H. (2012). Broadband for Rural America: Economic Impacts and Economic Opportunities. Broadband for Rural America: Economic Summit on the Future of Rura)Telecommunications.Washington, DC. 'Kvedar,l.C. (2014, February).Connected Health:A Review of Technologies and Strategies to Improve Patient Care with Telemedicine and Telehealth. Health Affairs,33(2), 194-199. 8 Rural Health information Hub. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.ruraihealthinfo.org/topics/health- information-technology. Retrieved from https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/. �� is for U.S. Farms9. Simply defined, precision agriculture is the application of information technology to farm-level production operations and management decision making. Precision agriculture also offers opportunities for improved farming efficiency, food safety and enhanced environmental sustainabilitylo Broadband is increasingly becoming the backbone for innovative t�c(�r�ological tools farms and ranchers us to maintain greater control over plan and animal productiar�, processing, distribution, and storage resulting in greater efficiencies and lower prices, safer grai�rir�� conditions, safer foods and reduced environmental and ecological impact. Manufacturing According to the National Association of M�r�ufacturers, manufactur�rs:deverage the Internet to compete in global markets, deploy new technolbgi��,, connect their workfor�e,and their customers, reduce costs, cut waste, enhance the environmen�t and cr��t� safer, mor�� r�eliable productsl1 Manufacturing establishments in rural �reas are involved i�r � =t�ariety of sectors: at�lue-added food production,natural resource processing,ir�fr��tructure mana��rnent and clean-energy facilities. Forthese industries, adequate broadband servic� ;has b��n documented as necessary for food supply chain management, mining safety and transporta�itan and��gistics12. Economic Development Broadband ava��k�i�ity is posit��r�ly related'kt��rnp�oyment�r�rwth. This relationship is stronger in areas with lower populatitin density ��nsistent with the theory that smaller or more isolated areas may benefit more from high-spe�t� conne�ti�ans� giving b�asinesses in these areas access to larger markets13 The overall rel�tic��hip betwe�*�t#��t�t�b�ri�4��pansion a�td employment growth is positive. Moving from no broadb�t�d "provir��`��tt� 1-3 prc��riders (th� �CG grot��s 1-3 providers together in its reporting) is associat�c�:with employm�r�t�rowth �hat is higher kiy 6.4 percentage points over the seven-year period from 199�.t�i 200614.Availab��karoadbar��?eed is also a factor in economic growth. Research shows that offering the rninimum broadba�it�;service tta a!I businesses and residents is not enough to close the rural digital divide. l�c��rty levels are abi�ut 2-6 p�rcentage points lower in rural counties with high download speeds compared tt� otherwise si��lar counties15. There is a causal relationship between broadband adoption in rural areas (defined �s'county-level adoption rates >60%) and higher levels of inedian household income growth��d r�t�i�Ced unemployment when compared with similar counties that did not meet the threshold)16. 9 Whitacre, B.,Gallardo, R.,&Strover,S.(2014,June). Broadband's contribution to economic growth in rural areas -Moving towards a causal relationship. 10 Aubert, B.,Schroeder,A.,&Grimaudo,J. (2012). IT as enabler of sustainable farming:An empirical analysis of farmers'adoption decision of precision agriculture technology. 11 National Association of Manufacturers.(2017). Retrieved from www.man.org. 1Z Xu, L.,Wu, H., &Shancang, L.(2014, November). Internet of Things in Industries:A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Industria) Informatics, 10(4). 13 Kolko,J. (2010).Does Broadband Boost Local Economic Development. Public Policy Institute of California,San Francisco. Retrieved from http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/r_110jkr.PDF 14 Ibid. 15 Whitacre, B., Mark,T.,&Griffin,T. (2014). How COnnected are Our Farms.Choices:The Magazine of Food, Farm,and Resources issues. 16 Ibid. �� Workforce Development Broadband increases learning opportunities in rural communities through online education. Distance, online, and hybrid instruction provide access to learning for individuals who cannot always be physically present in a traditional classroom setting or who may not be available at the specific times classes are being offered.According to the Pew Research Centerl', 54%of Americans go online to look for job-related information and 45% have applied for a job online. Employers need broadband to access online training and classes to improve their employees' skills. Many�rusinesses do not have the budgets to send employees to professional development or are too srri�il�"to send an employee away from operations. Bringing professional development in-house elimiri��those challenges. Tribal Communities American Community Survey data shows that r.��it��nts of tribal lands t�ften lack basic infrastructure and telecommunications services. Tribal lands ��`� among the most uni�erserved areas in terms of broadband service, often due to remote and cha�le�ging terrain, low incorrres# lack of expertise with telecommunications and barriers associated with bur��t�cratic gou�rnment progr�rnrs (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2016)18(Morran, 2�16).As a resu��,t�ie eec�C��rnic, educational�ir�d.communication benefits associated with broadband ar"e:l��'�el,y absent for rrt�st people living on tribal lands (Broadband for Tribal, n.d.). Emergency Services Scarcity of broadk�rtt��p��tX in rural�ar�as limit�;�rn�r��:ncy se�ui�es' communication capacities and response capabiCi�i�s: Cutting-e�ge technc�lc�gi�� re crit�cal for public safety communications allowing first responders�c�send and.�-�ceive criti��l rr�ice, video and data to save lives, reduce injuries, prevent crime and terror a�td noti�€y;, community rn�mbers about emergencies and disasters. Rural geographies are 'rn need of �nt�gr�'ted �►�d interop�r�k�le systems to increase capacity, security and accessibili�y arni�ng e��rgency ri�pt�nders. :�.1 �r��d ��init��r�`��er�� r�d �� s�c� �:��i��a��r�u� �:��r�r��;� �� The terrr�'"broadband"coti�tr�only refers to high-speed Internet access that is always on and faster than traditional di�t�up access ('�61�bps). This subsection presents federal and state definitions of broadband and statist�c��af served�underserved and unserved areas based on these definitions. The Federal Commu�ica�icsns Commission (FCC)defines advanced telecommunications capability (broadband) primarily in terms of downstream and upstream speeds, as this is a particularly useful metric for analyzing the deployment of these services. In the 2015 Broadband Progress Report19,the FCC updated the definition of broadband to 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream (previously defined as 4 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream). In 2017,the California legislature changed the definition of unserved areas to areas where broadband is offered at slower speeds than 6 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps 17 Pew Research Center Internet&Technology. (2015).Retrieved from www.pewinternet.org/2015/11/19/2-the- in tern e t-a n d-jo b-see kin g/ 18 https://www.gao.gov/ 19 Federal Communications Commission (FCC).(2015,January).2015 Broadband Progress Report. Retrieved June 2017,from https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_publicJattachmatch/FCC-15-10A1.pdf �� upstream20. For more details on broadband service benchmarks see Appendix A - Broadband Service Benchmarks. According to the FCC's 2016 Broadband Progress Report21, nationwide there is a population of 33,981,660 (10% of the total population) without access to fixed broadband at current FCC broadband speed rates (25 Mbps downstream/3 Mbps upstream). Based or� residence area, 10,551,623 residents without access are located in urban areas, and 23,430,037 are l��a��d in rura) areas, accounting for 4% and 39%of the urban and rural population,respectively.At t�te st�t��evel,there is a population of around 2 million people {5% of the state population} without access to fix�d;broadband services at FCC speed rates. Breaking down this population by residence are��:0,182 of these��sidents are in urban areas(2% of urban population) and 1,096,984 are in rural ar��s��i�% of rural populat�ora). Regarding tribal lands in California, 29,052 people (51% of the population) h�ve no access to fixed brc��dband. This report also shows that only 37%of the United States', and 43%o€C�lifornia's j��pulations haue�dopted broadband. The California Public Utilities Cprr�rnission's (CPUC)la`C�sfi broadband service av�ilability data22, as of December 2017 and released on Dec�rrab�e�'.2.018, provide� statistics regarding recent availability for wireline (DS�, cable modem and fiber-to-tf��-harrte}�and fixed wir�less broadband services. Table 1 and Table 2 show the broadband availability by��:chnola�y.�rt Californi� k�ased on the CPUCs definitions of served (at least 6 Mbps dc�vxiristr+eam and 1 M�ip� upstrea�t�,i�r�served(1€ss than 6 Mbps downstream or 1 Mbps upstream), and t��service��►� availabi(i'�y or�t��i��vai�abl�� data)��areas. The goal of the State of California is to provide��cess to 98%�`�California ��tseholds23. Tc�bl�Z, C'crli��rni��i�ase6��a��d by brc��d6c�rad�y tc�h��lcx��r��1�(�'�'C1C'.�C?1$� �'crfi�1; lJr�served Households Unserved Households Ser�u�cl Household� ' HousehotC(5 with Slow Service with No Service Wireline 13,113,84d �,2.,505,5��: 95.4% 115,598 0.9% 492,645 3.8% Fixed 13,113,840 '�k50,718 �.4% 32,519 0.2% 12,630,604 96.3% Wireless Combined ��,`��,3,840 12,F4�,624 96.5% 92,128 OJ% 372,088 2.8% 7�c�b0�.2, Ccalifrarra�i��'�r°��t�t�cf c�rb�rra heacasef�cal�s��r�rea�by i��hrrcalcagy.2�12 7�C'�'C9C'2t?.Z�� Statewide Urban Households Rural Households Households Served Served Served Wireline 95.4% 97.7% 53.6% Fixed Wireless 3.4% 1.9% 30.8% Combined 96.5% 97.8% 72.5% 20 California Legislative Information(CALEG).(2017,October).AB-1665 Telecommunications:California Advanced Services Fund. Retrieved Dec 2017,from https://leginfo.legislatu re.ca.gov/faces/bil I NavCl ient.xhtm I?bi I I_id=201720180AB1665. 21 Federal Communications Commission (FCC). (2016,January).2016 Broadband Progress Report. Retrieved lune 2017,from https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-16-6A1.pdf Zz California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). California Broadband Validation Methods:Round 2017. Data as of Dec.315t, 2016. z3 Pub. Util.Code section 281(bj(1)states; "The goal of the program is, no later than December 31,2015,to approve funding for infrastructure projects that will provide broadband access to no less than 98 percent of California households." �:� �.:� �rca�d��r�d ��-�r��r�c� �ri�r��rvs This subsection presents applications that,in recent years, have driven up broadband demand both in terms of customer and speed demands. There is an increasing reliance on broadband to perform multiple functions, and instances of consumers within a single _household routinely using multiple applications simultaneously. According to the FFC's 2015 Broadk��t�t� Progress Report24, the following applications are the main drivers for broadband demand: • Video services: Video services provide a wide rang�c�f optit�i'� including video streaming, video on demand (VoD), IP TV, video games and vid�cr conferencing.�ccording to the 2014 Sandvine Report, real-time entertainment such as ;�ieleo streaming is' r�sponsible for over 67% of downstream bytes during peak periodsz��"able 3 shows downstream�peeds for video services recommended by three technology compani�s.Based on 2Q14 consumerst�tistics,approximately 77% of households in the United States have �'C least an�.�igh-definition t�leuision (HDTV) set, and about 46% of all househc►lds have multiple .H[�"T�ls.�6 Video conferer��ir�g is also facing increasing levels of usage, such��f`e�r�t�lemedicine ar�c!�istance education. 7�a6d�3. 6�ectarr�r�e�rc��d d�a�ri��°��t�m s#�c��t�s�`t��id�ca s�rvic��s Service ` �ownstr�arn ; Recomt�endation NL��c�eo �� Mbps. ; ��l��tf�ix U�t�a;ND quality�i�deo 25 M#��s Ne�flix 720p�t��eo 6 IVf��, Apple ,, 1080p H[�uideci �� . 8 Mbp� :� Apple 4�[�video �Mbps . DISH • �at� services: Accord�ng to tki� 2014 Sandvine report, web-browsing is responsible for appr�s�irmately 10% of d��srnstream data traffic during peak period Internet use. Data transfer is another� ��plication that is growing in demand and is commonly used in telecommuting. Downstre�rr�;speeds impa��t�e time websites take to fully load,and the time files take to transfer from servers to i��er's de�ices. • Voice services:Vt�%��,s�rui��s have been replacing traditional telephone service by allowing users to make phone calls�t�ing broadband connections; also called VoIP technology.According to the 2014 FCC Loca) Competition Report, residential VoIP subscribers increased from 19.7 million in 24 Federal Communications Commission (FCC).(2015, February 4).2015 Broadband Progress Report and Notice of tnquiry on Immediate Action to Accelerate Deployment. Federa)Communications Commission Hearing, Washington, D.C.,FCC15-10, 21-25. 25 Sandvine Intelligent Broadband Networks,Global Internet Phenomena Report,2H 2O14 at 5(2014), https://www.sandvine.com/downloads/general/global-internet-phenomena/2014/2h-2014-global- internetphenomena-report.pdf(2014 Sandvine Report). z6 See Press Release, Leichtman Research Group,The Majority ofTV Sets Used in U.S. Households are Now HDTVs, 4K Ultra HDTV in Early Stages of Development(Mar. 7,2014), http://www.leichtma n research.com/press/030714release.html. ��' December 2008 to 37.7 million in December 2013.27 VoIP applications require a minimum of 100 kbps downstream and upstream speeds to enable real-time voice communications. • Social networking and cloud applications: Social networking applications have increased in demand and,as of 2015,approximately 73%of adults online use a social networking site of some kind28. Cloud computing has also risen in demand due to its capability to allow users to store and access data and information {photos, music, emails, documents, etc.) over the Internet. • Machine-to-machine applications:Machine-to-machine applications include smart meters,video surveillance, health care monitoring, transportation and �i��l�age/asset tracking. In 2013, Cisco Systems reported that 33%of IP traffic originated with nc�t�-P�devices, but predicted that by 2018 the non-PC share of total IP traffic would grow to 571; This introduction section was intended to p��i�it�� important broadk�a,r�d definitions and current context, both nation and statewide,to assist with understanding the importan��f expanding broadband infrastructure deployments and adoption programs in,�he City of R�dding.The fol�tsuuing section presents the current broadband landscape in Redding based on C�?L�C's k�r�i�t�band service av�ii�ability data. 27 Industry Analysis and Technology Division,Wireline Competition Bureau, �ocal Telephone Competition:Status as of December 31, 2013 at 14(Oct.2014), http://transition.fcc.gov/Da ily_Releases/Da ily_Busi nessJ2014/d b1016/DOC-329975A1.pdf. 28 Maeve Duggan&Aaron Smith,Social Media Update 2013, Pew Res. internet Project(Dec.30,2013), http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/12J30/socia l-med ia-u pdate-2013/. , �.TM� �e ��arr�n� �rc��d�a�n� ��c��c�p� 4-.2 �3��c��r�� S��o,fic�s ��m��li��° ��r��d, �rss��;°�� r�c� [�� S�r�rdc�� ar��s� This subsection presents the advertised broadband service availability in the City of Redding, based on the CPUC's broadband availability data as of December 2017(released on December 2018).The advertised service availability data are collected by the CPUC frc�i� a majority of broadband service providers in the State. Most of the broadband availability is pr�iuicl�d by last-mile broadband service providers29.Coverage data for wireline and fixed wireless prouid��'s are reported at the census block level. The data are mapped and validated for accuracy using CPt��'�broad��nd validation methods30. For this report, broadband availability data plots are generated frt�m the Calif�ir�� Interactive Broadband Map31 Table 4 shows the major residential and b�i5iness Internet service �ir�viders in Redding and the technology used to provide services,from DSL, cakile and fiber optics,to terrestr�al fixed wireless. 7"�61��. 7"�chr�ca9cag�e caf��rir��y It�ferr�e�.��°�°�ic��rc�vrd�� internet Service Provider �eruice Type Technologies�f��red � Asymmetric xDSL AT&T California Residential t�3nly � �� ADSL2+ Allstream Business US, Inc. Business C�t�M� • Other'Ct�pper Wireline I ' � Cable Mi�dem DOCSIS 3.0 Charter f��sidential &�usiness � �j��Carrier/Fiber to the end user Com-Pair Services Res�c�ential Only ,. • Terrestrial Fixed Wireless Digital Path R�s►��ntial Only • Terrestrial Fixed Wireless • Asymmetric xDSL • Other Copper Wireline Eart�i.�r�k Business, Lt,� :; �u��r�ess Only • Cable Modem other than DOCSIS 1, 1.1, 2.0 or 3.0 Geolinks ' E��sidential : • Fixed Wireless Level 3 Comr»L►r�ications ��I�iness Only • Other Copper Wireline XO Communicatii�l�� Cic�siness Only • Other Copper Wireline • Optical Carrier/Fiber to the end user U.S.TelePacific Business Only • Other Copper Wireline • ADSL2,ADSL2+ PAETEC Communications Business Only . Optica)Carrier/Fiber to the end user NetFortris Acquisition Business Only • Other Copper Wireline • Optical Carrier/Fiber to the end user MCI Business Only • Other Copper Wireline 29 For a detailed description of last-mile broadband technologies see Appendix B:Middle-,Second-and Last-Mile Broadband Techno/ogies. 3o California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). California Broadband Validation Methods:Round 2017. Data as of Dec.31S`, 2016. 31 CPUCs California lnteractive Broadband Map available in htt : w�ruu�vobrr��dba�d�a .e�, c�v . �� 4,1.1 Wireline artd Fixed V�tireless Service Auailability Wireline Service Availability Figure 3 shows the wireline served status and downstream speeds in Redding as of December 2016,and Figure 4 shows a closer look at the served status and downstream speeds available in downtown Redding. Most of Redding has wireline service with downstream speeds between 100Mbps and 500Mbps. Small pockets throughout the city are currently without wireline service. Downtown Redding is partially served with wireline downstream speeds between 100Mbps and, 500 Mbps. Several blocks within downtown Redding are currently have no wireline service. It is im��irt��t to note that for both cable-and DS�-based broadband service, coverage depends on the foat��r�t of cable television and traditional telephone networks deployed in the city3Z. ��-�� f f � �� ,uxa��„ � i'i.tt t3 #a{k�ratv�`�'3��c, jr�)� � x � �i�*�` � �AtU'teirN3.�St�SMs`s2Lanz��lS3ptK,yr�it^[se '�. �� ,r�� t' t� �� ■ zcs:�s ,y �}�t4�a� e x m�y= .,� �t,i'r' � 's�.'.s�tic z e�gas �i '..�,::i� i..as,� a"�aCt�ti��t�i�s '# ' �� :�Y� �"�� '=t6U�fihRa��aiAbF�dp� ��a. �` �. FA� ��,' =�n�a��<s cr+s ntt�i$ �`�„�� `��. + ; # -��a�a��n�at�� >u � ��5.';' �,ie*'�": � �M$6 5�li6�s=2tb F�4Yt�r� ��,� IAS �i . +—x Ri},y�&*4��§b{9R� � t, o {y 7 � � 3�r � ��w a�r�t�ss�N e a�tsg� � �j��5�� k r ��`; �, � � �' �. _t�p�.��y�Ps . t�t y 1 4 t' �� a„rr��ris�G� � f —zua s�tsp��a r�s,t�s �;r t ,�rr w � s� k�. ;r ��n�cr�� `t33ii' sdn��'�€73ia� , �e�„ ,rz .2r�� ,�,r ,')'2 } � „ .' . , . s � � r#�� . '� � tYt� i i �'S'�u x � �1£W'� #�`t2"t'i,ttP i� �r i � tF {� ; k }�,ji.+ �hf , 'p.A 41t ..ks.:,'i" .t ��t ,�' �6�2^�i h,�j� f.�2��4` ��s ��' ! ,� 2 w � ',�ii�; �� k� � ��ru `� . .�4 � g� ,� t . � t '"ir ' �^' � tt � l s�.. �4 ' � , ?r: ,'�At;�YYsdt.a, uuu � �r�1�r i : � �`� �� ft ' f � � z°� � � ��,}i �� :. � ;r � �f ' ,..��.,... I ia4rma;� , ,. � �� w`67 d�4 �:a k� �� itt"AfX � y #''r� �� iv.. ,� f � r k yt , ;; '� , f� v�'� t � v a � �at�i�� u��'�'��`x �. �y,�� s��,�r��s?a��'r�� I �� '� , � ,� ;4 �:�r� �, {� �� 3 � � � �F. �s� ��. �� .�,` �i .€ . Y� � ,:} t M � � t = t ° '� �x � � � ��,� �q �,�� ,�, , � � €, �� r� 4 k� �`§ ,��RfJ� j t�. �E '� { k{��`�it � � � .l P it�, �"m } y ''F � } tiJ x,i"` �� .��n�.� �a sfk7�t <,t: � �f��; � s �w�� 't, �� S�� ` �� n,Tk 7��> � � +:� * hr : "� t�x,�, ��. .� .. � '�Y 1 ' 'i SY ;"f. '�a . ..m....e .,...�...... ,,...tu.uA...,>.,�� ..._m...,�......,..,,,_ ._.. ..�.,.,,,.�; ...._...,.�.._..� .....�.�.w.,,... d.�.N,...,.�.. . ,....�...�._...e..�r}`��b"'vl9h?Y�.''f.�iSuhX4We.,..�.. ,....,. ._._........_,.� Figure 3. tNireline served status arrd downsiream speeds(f�ecember 2f317J in the City af Reetding 32 For more details on the technical capabilities and limitations of wired technologies,see Appendix e:Middle-, Second-and tast-Mile eroadband Technologies. �..'�� ,. ��+r 71tF}tt� if v r e� t � . . �s�4�sj��c�€41�t�t},gt�tT '��' ££t;"��ts1f+ill,r5tr�7{�7`�1j��r`?�f?��;iu}J7l �..� ,,�j� ,';�r�,..+�ui. �t�fl�,li��rttt7��1��}��#}i#§y : . ��4+��*'W��#z1S. �i��uastas'etesb4"k�`a�s+ �`��Irts,'��z}�Z'{J�1,..� 3€"4�;;�s" 1��}7lyics�)}�tt{S�tt{ts{�iti�jt{��}{��t{ty,i£�rtfilt'P � 'zsry�S{fr}t�}`� '.t i ft tr.r�s�,i W�rv-�tosrr t�.vr�str�aasa.�,k#.;R�Na}nrv�s�a;�{S�`2�1j� ��`�1,j)'��.}�I7��ifc#�i�t1$t�{�;3i��l�i�t�i�i�lx`'��. {;tlt�f,i$ra t ..�,tS �}F{�31�f,�)i. JT.��31��4>,xm�SttJ {'} e>��,. _Ld3la s �'(�{��C ?��s}�£5)�4t�`ft4. fr; ,isr�SS4I,3�ifl{fyfi'S .:;f� {:��i� ��,3�1}s'��n1�4�-{7��k.. � �T� #>$'ks'.r�ta�ft�lf�t�4$;1�c{s34`�9t� P . �.t� ,4,rt<{c�.,:f�t tttC t.,tf��t �,} yt ytSk�z ,.;i�4 t..l�'{t:i�4z {�Esl�tt„��+}��_?i ��1�}� z,{�t�tirtrsir}�.J;�}{f:,� b—aG4�s=2r3tr.��s�. �� 4�,t.t�J3 >t� ��),�a,?,F..rcrf�sr t}}$ � s :. s� � tS,3�s'�i}c4�ttit}r1i��.fitl�..��<� ��) �� f�St�tt..s}}S�E�(,rt4�szss�' � 3�. ..r� .. .��,trtf t. F,a.�r�rS,s��1�t}��t�� tCf, .,.}#,;rt:�;�srtrtr{it.4,f}� �ts .,3�.�tl��.Js �� tt#� .�,Fs?,,�f#�f�� .�.. c �... J��,��;,r�.��tt� , s�t}�c�c}s{ I f I�� f .slr:<�f„!1��4 i�{S��s.ztt£f r�r1 1r 1�� i��t t�� ,ss,titi i. �? t rt� 4�i�� tt.�,r„4,..> �,,�tst� { }�!�{{�s r(t }nc,�,f,t�'�s an}lr �7�£yuari�4�,�'z3�41�.� f�;ttr ftt1�„�t}rr,yt :._�nr��az��aa>�� } { �a ��i�4{�§.t: y{��1t13t}tsy �§it��}7,z7rtir �Fr... ,3�<<tf��t{t}s7��`�,.I��;ts�£itP�itt}!t� 4�t€��..�la�}7� }�5�� {�t?,?y;�5`#(ttt; it�i}�h7s3 ,�c.. ..�fs, .t.ti. ,}f��i�tf}.z2t�3`2}�4t t if jrt#t,,. : ..E�y�:�';t, �1 lt. .?<t�21 il�} t4f( -�1� ..�Y��t}3 � .:ft} }1 s. 7,!� ��} �4..�{, ��l�i...}1st� �� F� 7i�g�;-. :Y#�:ir, Itx�l �S �{ill.tti{1t�t �'�;`S�{,��!<,��+. .�� ty�t4"1{4�txf� kJ�� ,:M1t}{l�MCas*�a�+4hibs�: � z ��„��U{Sk.-'4 t 1 �e��s �..k��r 2,�if{��rl Fs,,: tE�<,71��z t�S�ti..�f��4?tt21}tf�7l.:3�2 s tr�<<� �33� �Y ��.k,('.tf y�}}srt l.tf u.�,� P . P ��.��ti. ,�}4� ?.,. � �nEt..}It ti,�tit�.4,t��...��9;�{ti�41`f, ...h ta��ti; t� f�.trjf��,?) ,��r�itS��,r y�{ ,��.��,k3 �f€,i,•..t t+{e srR�S#}i ��\ �, l�r r�r{}}fttf l��i ct} .t.�r�,, ,� l„ ',itf�,�frttt� �lr r� -.,�r ti=>tr rt l 3 ��f� +�,..7t#tt�str, ,„p �,3,. �s#ss��`��3rat �}„t�.kc.<tr+ctlr$r�{it.r:t�t�`�s�tr:t s�kz��t��r�,r� �tSJi�tz7 t�E �?� }��s,�� rr( ,ticr �, �_srsire,v$<racnaii�a� �2,�? }ict{i{�}�{ \t.rt.}Ut,i�ttsil3�s #.G�fr+l�tif�{`�.,�1��(�t�k{�,r .,,�i3n�tt�� 1}Its4:..�.tiyt?`F��.�ikdt3y7}ix�{,,. ��s��k,t',.t��i�E�2zij�(Is;tSY,. ��(.2„��e. �$��;#s�„}ij��'�i(S:�ttt�i5ift(�{�;4i�}�i{>3r�{� #,�}�}�$tttiptYt�� ,..t}r rfi�4t £t i§�1��4 n z E�S}�z ; k,t r �s� l,i; � ,1 7J�4� w,<f , t t fs{�� z ��r �,�#��t��{f741}.z,^t3r��1�c5� �{�� s��rc} �< 'z >-zs�s�,��sama,� ;},� � {��t�r{iltgii j�;tlritl�4;�}tiF i{��j�{t��ir}f��t}E �4c��i�{i� �i�cs��!�s 3ft£sczrtfj}s��Ysa �s� �t��<�r{�; ��} y�4`�t�r1j,}�, . t� t�r,k:/ �,l'i�zttr7tlii`��d}�tt�trtUr��i�}rsi�f�}7}f„{ss ��{}S{Is �{if�t{1c��`�`,,�#��lr��ti`�t�«�{�fr�rF��t��,f{{�t,,. �. si}��.�}� J��,t *=��at�rra,.a5�nyis � �}{��j}�r,}`frt;tr��}��t7tt}4}��t�i}��y�l��i#�'f��'`tt#`�IJts#fsrz ft�'��f� r :i�'�}c}�3�i�f�g�{�t'r,�t�tfs�{#titri ��ytlf��s,�,� �-er��u�<�f€�c�s Y`{SY fZt{�f1!�s}4��v�t{�k��t�n{}��kt��{43�yk}lr t c{4s ��ttj�,Zw��l�{E;5F411��t�{2}�(1��3��i�i� {�;�t��Ii��il#ftsF}�lY�$�t ?hA#r s.,fiktkr a�. n{( t k 3 (�}t � �� vi?;;p+— p d� � �SL:cl��ti(l� �(�(4tjft�f�sfl�Fk t�t�tt i��';(#F��i�3 :.{#tRsrttj}I�?;��4 i�t�{t�� 3{S�'t,�Jj�f��I ,i �rr{s;�r . . �; i s.,is?} f ttii�r;41II �ssr� �? r#l�f t, tf �.:xt�tt$U�r. �o- r.r Y��"i�f 24lt�is�'. r 7 .. ..t��tfi4'� ,t(�sirt<,,�, >��tAtiPs=�Mkrps:. a�r�'�,�,.. o ...Itfir...s�., �..��ysy�.�1�r� {; ,,,��.�srs , �v�;,.,3<st}'ri}},��;.. '� . .:3J�'�,..$�1a1r}fi3rtrltlP;t��. . y� �tiJ�. '�� r�Y��.�,�z}. f5rifilt,t{�( t�.}5?lr.+�st�t.�..),�s47t �.�r;as�?rr�s�Tttt� ;;:{ ��. , :...,�x... i,s`}, ct�l � ,,2}�`�..i��ts��+1<F, t { fStb,.ils,��r�4:�f {:�},jit}tir t�lrr#�lr�rto 1}{,�i, .t.j�t�ll,s��a� .�i,� Y7` �..tt> ��il��€,l4 �t�„�1}}..,�r{�jt„�y�tt{r�}„tl,�� x=2#bO�K.trpsw9fiitsgrs ,.,��,::�tr{1�rZztr�l��:.;�Ii t,zttaff �.7}sr�t3 ,3t },s,}:i�rt?,{}„ s��t��t ��gr�,� tS� hr�.tJti� r� ��7t7; �, r-<, } t � ( i,{,{t��tt�3� rr41 Sts�r#f.{t�ft,4,��rt4�trr}f3 �t 71f h�iz;r,hr,s, ��711�}t3��j �,,ir; v t€��tn��t o11s+4�}+t t2��s��i�t tt � `�""� ��lut�} 4��i3s �� .r�frf�jir7�� 1s�2S ��?f��P�}t. r3i,r, fLr 4�3rrn r£tt,l r��t�?��...��,Szl.t}t?4� }s{,4t�,a,; ,zrn��i�c�� i},I,�,r„t,r�Y .,{. .�{ttd t. l, �b�$.�� t .., �,: .)� �tit �� ..3� �,r tt��.y„ �7i,.ti��itr<3 ' .?�r�.,tl� �+ {r� tt,isSz.. �r�st ..sr.�t .7 ? ,s,. -..4t c.��t.j} �. �<s }�:.�.i �7f t �.. ,sS tit�2s:,,iur ff}�rtt�..st �'.4 }� �. t P2 . :,,GJ j „ �h {i., § ,. �,.c,. l '�,s,,,,,�r�;t 4Jf�i,,,2 t"� :..�., t }l,a f,. �z , 1{ jiz:�.�, } tt � r 4 � .�s�}r..sk �,, r� t.�, f ��,{ �<„ r,�., ,r�4, �� ss s. ,��`c4� s iS ,. tt�f St...,{. �t .�..} ..�� .�„ f..}.r a)4tv`��,.. . bh �''��: �.,i:n) �., ..t , u{...,r�. r,s, tc.� ..r t�},C t .ti�,.,�.r, . ,a... 3�,. , t �f.�s,t@...7r � i�lt'.r��ti�4,.,> s r.ss{,>, , rl,{r t„`�..r,,.i ,r.� r r ..t�lt f. , x1 st , t,��tf� x��../,{y s, t�tr$ 4 �t.f,. � 3 �}1 r,},s. �ts:,„ f j 7, „��, z ; t �sr4, .r�4 t t, , �� tYz i t ! ��}t t it 2� .�. ,��:s. 7f t t.st3.< i i� ffl.... {t�s� r a <�`.�� ?v: r��4+.ti,.�. rrt...1r. . . s r,. rs � �..��. t t � ,,. rS�.l,..1 Y.Y, !r rS ,..�.�4k i zz. �. i i ,�?, < > �,..`t. ...zt.. n.i � ..�. 2(f1.S. i�,, ,�,� t t5i ,�,1 yytt� . ttf.. Ir,..,�� ur„:„ir t `i ;,.3�. �r t11 .,.�s, �.,.:�! ttk.��1� , t,,�,},,� f t,t,tf„ art� :� t ..t ,) ,s� �� , �"��t;j�S.tS�. ��} . �c�4{�R,}�44.�� atft : 'icr.. 4y�tiS�7. ..,.t.}�) �i:..�7 .. �s 2.. ��:�tl�t 1��.4I. „r,r�� C�,sP,... i J� t. �>..t. .,<„:x.�,�..j t j+�s t�.zi�} di iS } (t .,St ..tit� �r,.,J �5! ?t t ti-:{�k;}t.:,�, ,.s,.��t.� { .�..� �,..!} t �;r.l„i" 5 �� c�r..i�f�f�. {F�..i�s4.r,t)nt{ , 3 t�i :1,�.. tU.7��lr��}.. . � s��},�:�� i x ..�„a .,t�>}t 4} ,..1��r�... ..n.F� { u,4n<t� S,,=.,,� sr, S.S,,a,1 � t �s S �f,,. �1, �.��1�.,�4s `3tr��;� rt.ti��,,r � t�°, z,�f� � ) u41 I�. t f�t�, .�� f� 3y,��,ti,4 �y�.,5�{.,,,�f st�l tr {, �s rt . r} F �„ltr �y f Ilf, �. r<,�,�r. ,� ,s,st,s�,,; r,l tts� �, �}�t,�>;,� , �t i,s�f£,$<iti,�F.<IS�, {s, t€j }t 3 I„}�t�ifi .i' .. tj �t.,. .tt. �i]�t�.�:is ,r',,,r� :. ..�,2 ��,.��tts`�}. �r,trrt€.t4,,, c i �;S�t. � r..r t .$..<„ .r<,�trr�,t�cR,U,., a?3i7 1,kt.�.}z,f li it �;fil,,.,�a;Jt 5� r(,f�.l�t�„ ..:�k�tl�x��.... ttfJ �.,;lti,��`..� -Y \t}�.. r} i�st14�£t=<��,�}, a £<p�t11rr9},,f{t;+.�at�Fr,,.r�y�,S�:f}tE,J�j,,,. fii7�� ., s :.3<7r}�', 4 � ,r'i��f}p„ � ti�t.... 7k�.#.�4d.9.f �t��}�,�� ,57. �,s�;>il,�tt � �r t,.�i[.�3 i 43s�;�Y��} (tl�x�` ..Y,f�� J � $�3'{�t:n'i�rJ,= S��,br.'...: 1.��fY:.4r�,f€�f�t�1y�� i,I aStltr7�ii{(�t.F�,St �}� ,tt�t}flt�. 4ty5 �f1�7}t��'a�� ix}f. .�.. f S� ,..,�. ��4t� w3 �,{,rtti��jrt�l ��,1,,, t �,��S,.r��t1i t.o,,.t s4:lr�l,.�1,,r�t,.€r ,�s� ,t t i � �ss tc.. �<1�,�: �t:3 Yt,rr. �,�z" 4 s F.,�� .1 �?�� t,, �a,Jf�{. w>s �;��s�� «��,��,1J.� I��{4 r;� (.&Fj,r+{.jt�X� },}{�ri;�i .:t ,»�ri: .hl`�;��,.��'�1`�i�� , 5 ��:�,�ssn.S`�( r��,t, ��I � ��'�ts�f�.;s�S�tn.rtt .t..s{4s�� ,��s`� �{,�f(£S3�t� ;�)t�,��}ta;t4k . 2��r,t#3a,i r{� {y.Iii� t,��,sr, �l�,r:�3,„11 rt4 77 ,.:� <ft�:is�I��' 1},. } u. f tt �F}��,��,.�r�d�(i2fi�� r{.{;{7,r�. .t r,1tj.��r�.tt.�:..4� �,}.1�? ��. t l�)�z ��: ,�`:,s�,�st:� 4i��,� �� 3 t � :..:)�3�4 ��1� , .�t� it��t.,�t tz�4t1 tf7��r.;I.��,.i„ � ;},:.t,h� tr rr!t �tt , P�t7�,�it?i t? ,�..c„�S„R�� ,.a,7r,f �,, c�j}. . �'i t�Y �. ....s� t,r 2��,..31. .,'�.�� :: 1 S. ..ri2��{fi'S}i t�s',. „t,. �t,s. ?tt�., „t��,.�tj}lii., ,1 s�., �� t ��c. f,,�r� �i ��4� ��.. ��:"i. ..� �..z1�,, i tt � ,f,f. g,{1 ,d,� �j3��S�,rf t t't�.ir3�+�3�,r �� .:S rft��+ ��t, �itz 53s. ,sti�.�^�.J s,{1� .t�-stfli ii ^ai'S.� 4..�.�l�k, �Y„ ..; s I ��. � c <<# � h..# � ::i S.�t r �i5 �<.}. � r€2 t .}��.;� }tj�} �f.( $s �.�> a. #1ti, � fF3 ��,ct �t �tSx,,;z, ,��, t,t>4 � ��'�c, ,t�.� ,rlts��! c �I t.t`- ct � .�t, # � s .}�t ;, � t � } tf#1sli� u t. >.� r I f€ �t} s f7. < � ,1 �f <.��, r t�:�t,fi.�r �„Yr �:�1 �r,t ,.1 ,s (�.. f3. .t �(�,ftY.I...�� r� s ,i rs.u`.S,�i � ir,,«„}.�c �, t �t 4r,.t� ., .i ;�1 , r �A t � �4 <<�) ,. ..�rt 4, I <.t t„ {.�3 ,�t L} ti .t. �� i.�3 i . . �c ��t, �:`�r:,S tt,., „ct,� { l.I..{,�.. iti� «��,1 t.�: v1� ttS. }�i.,s-0 >�t,.,I �,��5�} , 3 ti,, ,l:Y�r �f,, ,:.s{ ir,r.. .s �.��ri.7z{�f. .S, ,i �.�. t.�a��; s. ht. sy t. i i{ ,> ,i,.,r�� r3,�.,i�„ S ��tsr= , # . �, �..,.s �.f�I „<.�,4,.a, lt t `�.1 n4�. � � t ,v �rt !c t�f�sr n,„�;�s r f t�, ,,,., i �i fif c . �. �s�. �' 1 stl tr : 1 t�llr �� ,�t n3 1 �i rt�� S ��,t„ �i7,Sni,tVft��t.,,tr ,�f�rtst�t,,;� 2{t <, �� .,s .,,t �� at{�:tk � .. zft1f34. �. t�.. .,�tttt,l ..�tf zr�t3�i( 1...i., � ,��.��27t. .tt ��.t x <, t�l,�.� � �,,k''�t� . �»si :U ,{,... n 513.'�t�.;s,i , t33�tI{..«� 7 t,l'�..s..�m. ti{r .. , t . is�4 r 1 �-sf?�. t rtG� .t.f4 {: .SiI'�t�,�..t,4.2�.��i. , }r � J�f,.:,�i? .;.r,� 4it... ..�«.r {t {i �� .r�1rr,��.c�.��U?.i1 �.t �1 F ��, ,riti� it�� l , �r. i,rr�f,��t � t a .,iF � t t,� s, stt,.>, t<, r4.,t l {, € t } . s,,�'� ),ti2tit..G„>}..,.r,,,�,f�si i� � l,�ll:„��. ,f c}�S`r fz.:.� , .,� <, . . ,,.{ �,'1,� rr..:»�7e r�? �cr�,1,:. � .t� 4� �.. �i ..t( >r}r�ifi��t.,,. t�, .3,��t<r�„,, � r�.,.,, ,z,., , t r ,, �„ � �t � .t� ,t , r,.,t�#� �i.i,s ,.,� .,r� �n �r��s ,,,�,� . , ,�, �� ,F,�t zs�s.,s<, �r{. .}f ..:IS1a},��s f# }r ,,,Iri\ €t z , �,��at vas ,,�lr, tf .�:.�� 7�,�^i#r. !, rr k� �� . i rit4�,t,t, r}t. tf„�,<r .<� y t.,.�.:.,4,rt' r, �� i 4 i ....:ti��i�.�l .. ., ,�, ,.. ...},T`�,�,�i1 5 .�„ .n jtF7J., . �.�� j tf, l�.ai,s �a,i,. 7i,.f„`r�.4.�,�},{�lt S ; .,t ssl�l.t,:,rv t� , , ,:1,k , ,��:.r ,£t��.S`y: .� f �>I {t.�l..„ ,.,.,5,. 1 .�: �� j� �..f�t.i f .,,�:t{,...t�� ,r. �, tls,�s,� t �,it.,>��, f,� #7 >, ....r,.r,�is . �?., , �,� ��.sfi t'{ t.,#t"t r.}s,.<s,��....t� i�� i �:. <<.�.+ r,£>s i r,r,. tu�,� tI11:,t�,f<# k�� zt,.t,..a„� � � trY�,:. .....a t ..s ,�� ,rtat .e1..,,�rlS,, .i�K 4. r,.t,.rs, „� +f,�. 7 < i.f.,��Y,.,l,t. C'�>.� �� 1ri4 �z , .r�s, tt,r z#sft}': f.f,�. ..s 4 �� , .�:.s.c«t :..,w � ..x}.. };�,� C ��J f�. �z,. :��;:{ i�u,s , l.. t�fe }�t r . tt,s:,}�� t ,s r� t�,f,�� s,,,t�r��t a� �.: trs .f s �, „ �{ f�.� �t�;��s�,r..+�,u>>� ��. Sr.. „�� ti� � i, t„�. t,tst,. e i r,.t,.r, 1 . £'�.,,,rt . , .2. , .s5-. f . ,.ts4�.�.,. s�I,�,t �, � . .. � { ,:� .� ,,:..., „� t't z �1.. r �,.� }, {,4., i.ir, f ....3�� t � ,.,t�tls, } ...t . r.�.+� r,t.,�.s, � t��.rtfi t� �tis z� .z 7tt ..,tt.�„ t�i .rt� r#`., t�;t �:� } ,�, .�l�s,}, ��.� �1 �..� ..lt(I . ,�., T�}.in�., ��s,. .,�.C � ;.:;trrt 2£ , ..n � �r.vz.::.� ,. ��r,l e {..!!..a x. t.a� ,� :�f,.,4sS�.: r ..F.7., r. f . ..�� ,,,s..,t �,i�4 . f ,st, t,. �tt� ,t4 af� _<4��? „ r,,, tf�t,, 7 �t $f t � .lt„ts ,ss.t< . r � l �?�, �,.{ i ,,.�., . �.1 . 4 t.; t „ i t..�l „ �`7 :._�.� .,. ....�3, ,S�„ t t.. ,} I„�,'�4 ��t 7 t . , ,,. , �n�}„��,< .rrr ,r1. S ��t,.5,:.r�.li„�, {., ,, s r tiz.,7 ��f 1 ,, a�t t ,, }�� t t. } 4t 3 � f z<. � � , . f t�s.1 �� ,. � t ��r�� ,., �t,.s ,r<<.1 3s�,S� ,�l�, t.�., r,t�>z z}, ,t �. �r� . r � t�fi� t 4 (r ,5 � , �. � . ,.,,. J . i.,r� i t i k,if .c t �� ,s t, �l 1 , t} t,�, �7 s,�t £ F F . �, ,n . , f 4 5 �„ l ) �.�j : .� �..f ., � zt.. J� {F� r�1 sk . ... a,� �}.r .. W,., � ,��`��z„ti�.t t . tt.. ,�c, �. t�t : ,,t{ ., 1 . ,( � �,3,ti 3+, l� ,t � } Jt , , { � . knrt ,nSs ,ti�'�J. � ){ �� 1{51 �, rtk .,t , ,. t.. Iii, t�l .ai 7,t ,�,�s� ., ,.t � z .�....,., } ... 7 .a,�i.s .. , 1, r „t .,�r, . , t � fi,.. sltl .,:sft,tt.<, F,�iti .,t �}. yt >7„ t: .r „ti,i.s„� �v�R\�„�t, e,�l{.. „S :�,,......�,�, �: ��. ..3 c .,�.t,<,�, r.t r �} . >s��,..t�sa�..,�n£�,ti.ir,itrE, .,,, r5 �r.. t,{<i t,, I „ rz, t 1i,�c �} �sr�..�s�.., F,� 4 � t<rttrs,)� �7 t r,,,, {,��.u.<rb {„r� r ,# {, ,� .,,, , .r ,St� ., S t -�, t,a s, . � � � . c , .1 „ , fi ,, 4 �„ r },,t 7�i,itrf,.s.� s�� < <,s „>.�� .s l� ..S ..� . t , r�. ,s,., nts,t � . . ,.cs}.,, ,r� i#::� . t . ,�t , �<, »:,�n,r,�, . >}<�tf.� i'. src , ,�,f? ., , � c.. t S.. t.,.u,,, ,s4�is.. r...�S ,. I�1 � t� .�.� t�. .rt t ,} t, r ,k. <�l .(�,. E. Ift.,:, ��,t�r,,!,, , z�, r71�� ,.�t� s� �.t..�,� ? , �. { n ��,,,. � <.tlir,� tl { k rr =.r .. , t. I4 � ��.a t} ..t.�. �t . tir es „ f{ ,>t, t}��, f, .,��„J ,�s ,. #, t f,r n �, �{w , .�f , „ { r 5 �, .4 1 „ tiJ i , 1� �1a� l,. ,t, t5 } .K i t r� . 7 c r .,� , �, .K s�t,< {t.t7„i ,<c>s�, t, { i# ..�3. i.,c .} i�r..i.a,«vr �.��, t ,.,fi ,rfl�. �.r,#. {Stt,S3, t..o ,� .��, i� � �i�� irr,.:, ,., a, n, x 4� . $f „ t:......t {5��,xs�;: 1 ..�..t � f> f, ,>r«, t, i .,:,� r �..�.s tit 4 i t St..�S „t,tt{, . > a, .,rf�t ,r .t ,t t ,f { 4, Sx , ,� i at , .,s,,. ,, , � .) � ,ti <I, .,}f� �`�4 t.��ii,, , l z{j �,c,5 #F,, , 3, t rr.. „7 r� i r'z.,} � � tt r, l <� 4 7 ,.,� r�c ,�1 ,,ss,) i # �4 �t � �{ .,�,1«„ ,} ts 1 jr 3 t f l� ..2.f.��,? ..s s �t. �-s � ,YI �tir .., ..4 �,�3., ,.t 1 .2,s s r i x ..F�4, .i, .:�}.�..i�4� s ,. ,c .irs„j� �£t,� �14u., � t„iii,e„ , t,.t�i;. 3� , �..`, , r�. �.�;..5�1 ..,�t i,.r�s ,SEF. ..� 4`i� �.r ., 7�f7 e .,>�i. i. , �. r� S „ �> t .� }� , t�„ r .}`� 1t, ,. ..�z.$„! ..�>f�r...4 T �,,,.,..�,Z,�� .t' , ti. .j ,.�. .F , .4�, tj 1 .I ,.c ...tt rr t,ls,,,; � ��< r�„� �� r �, . . �f�.. �I�.,� t..0 },J t�s}��.I �. t3 ..�.r4s�, �#,� .„.�r, tr4�:.�.3 �,t.t,r��ri,,.. t� r, :, ,{z t ftz ,?€� r„ s s y� r { � tl r7,z,,�� r�i, t ,�, �� t J Sz� t { t. i r ��' S1 � ��{< .�,tr=,o s.. `�tr �� , 3. .7,, s. � t;i r, t,�,,,<,t: x�},_,S.} ,�.. 7:#„k?r, , E �F .:, . { f,�,� J�„t� �,t .� sias��l t.rt, � }t ..�4 � r„r � . . 1 �rG.t� .i z t?�sti ,. � , � �t>t,�,t � � ,t �,h��r,r�.t , },,.�,ss.,rs,,,.t.I l.,)� , t t s�.�.x.� . . ,..,,B�a t �. .._ . t�:# ..€ f i �t tt{,vr�t <��tf� { .t,,, r,�...�3. ! i... t c. �,r�.,. �> , �l. � , r,�5.{.. �`�i ,.}. .�e., , �.tt>�i3t.�� 5�..{r . � ( , (� iY, ,��},,, . .. ( S �st i,.,S <t �, ii ,�� . z t, ra� s rF t.. (.s t�� .ret 4. .r i=s a.r}, 1 � 11x a�5t t. �t z�,. , t. �. 4({ .s t,. .�t t ��lt, �f��, , ,,,.,n n � i � }z k.t �z#. r s�.:(.i �t �,„ r'� t,t � y�Y. di#� „rn.s..,h, ti. 4��rSt1 .f. t. t1� ��`�r r,.,, t a . .�#.r . s ... t�.z,tt��1 r,fs..,.f � s .1�:4 a�.,5. �r r.f � .:s}. tt lI}7.si,s< ��til.��kl..�� t,s,,, ,7r, � 3t�� . ilat a„ if 7��4,, �: ,.t €l, �t. �,., t 3 } �,n {r�, � {5 ,t , / ,S i �s : �i .kii � �, .t;it �5+7 ,� 2, ��,. �. ( .1? .i .,<}{._,+.. >,t F r � tt� � ,.s .,.,J,., rt � }r � F.�i fr f�� a, , „}�ir i,s,.}! . ,,n r,tr,� � , t.,t4 , t < ,,.tt,s, ,ff.�, � �.� 3� t��R c,, s , � s , Z,,.�..n „# zs .,,�n $i� } t� , ss ,, .�. �� t.. t .I�c... }. ,�, „�r,st.{�{ . �� .,,t, ..t. t :a . l.si,�. � _«�.�.ty 2� « � ,t ��ti �.�,r��il r„ , S. ..�.. c�Z 1,.....,x, ..� t .S: �.. .i,�"t,..} � ) ��t, ,},,i,. > f: ,. ��),.�..i��.�i.:� 1Sr}. ,� t, {�S l, � ssit. S ,�_ r r .sr�. 5 :,,Y t� t l s f,.sr { ,�t.<<r �3 +,..,��}3� �., f�� +ft, a t�s,. ., � �rT �t r,,��7 ,, �� „ z, .,.t fl t� I� � � �5��{s, �t��rx �,�£_,,.�}.st� tr� 3.,:,, �. ��r: .f.�.4= , �51t , ,��. �:�,. ,t ti �a,. S �,,. ��. f i ,, ,.r I ss . f.�,?�t :_ , � ,�2 � t ,. :> .,. „},<1r�r, �<, . , ,�,,,t.t ��t„�,{r..�, str .��.�t�.it,f�r'S3. 2,�, .,. i.itt,�(t,�, .t�{.i !t. 5�. ��Y i � :.vs,rf z�,s ��{� . �.�,}«, ,� t��:,�, .{,�.,fttS i�. tt,. �74 ct„ , tt t t ,IJ.�s � t ��. t. Y ,, 3, 1t u, ,3 ta,� +,i,rrt �� ls ti3� 7.c }.. 4S} . r�, �t,a.. t { ,�.,, � .t )t�,NSt r t .l±?t .4�3r,�,:: ....� £1� . , �.t t. �t� ,�� ,,r � .i.. i {.1 . �. �Fs„r.. c ,a,�,,..�. ,� �.. t�7�}� �n.�.t� �$ �... ..,� ., t f.�i} .i v, .t> i...� c <,.,r ,h.t .i„� t .r1� �.�`if�t�„<<, �,... }cl �1�.tsr{i,{ I ..s... :� { ,<„<<nt r �l aj� ��u.:..)i�. ,ti.i�t}� $t !t ,it.C.,:r,sS ��i . � ,i. tlJ �7 t. . S7 t�E.i,...: d<„ �� , 7? r.,>,stl, . �.,�,r�:, �xt .�� tt tt,1 � <y,ti�t .fi {; l. 2tIt.yl 7I � .st, ,.( >Sr� r , �l�i,�Y,�n�t,., s�.. ..,,5})�s �,..�,n t} ��,.? tFt,.. s.tr , t., ...�„ , � ,�{ t�,�.{]i�'i„J. ( .}zc ,.ir,,.tt.�t} #.S tr,�... r }rtsl.,, t £i ixl s1 ��-�r , L t,S .t� ISl{�> >4 .,..ii r. �.Sh J,r ,i2ft,.. �e., , �„�.u„a+l,>„ uS. �:?t} u t.,�i� , , r14�� -n .s z. r,r,t ..1�, ,...,t �. ��,E .,. i �..Y ! .,-,...�tl : J �t't .tt,. } E . .iS � , �).� .��tE, .��. k�.; ,t{ief �. ..)t� � �„}� �. � t,. .�� „to.. t ,a} t 1 . ,,,t (t .s�S =.rt `��„rt n:7f .1 ,u.r � .17.r�.r7�r :. t �t . �y ,�.}rr��a�. ��. ,� ,..5 �,,.t.,f�� }.4 ..r., t�,< t.fr ��...�5 t}s . 3.rr �#,i .Y.l,..... .t�! r ,tl)} .�1�st§§``. �4` �.t,s ,,�44,� .. ,r}, .i , f {4.. �r,s,i�Y, G r fl.{�I . .t. t r.... e„1 . �� Uft,�. .t.t e.,r .,y,s �:�t{�t �� s I.. { t r 4.Itib. � „>. .>t � t�st... ,, r�l: r�i st..7 .�, ..,J 1. ;,t ,e... t,n.....�r. . t�ii.. .�.. S �c „4� t,S�S f ,st .t .. s<.�{ � ,s..rr,,F,, s.... ,,,� r 3... 3„ t .�,>.,t f�z.�,t<<<r, �v �, sr.� ,..t �.�.. � .,z, ,�#` :�� t.�. :,} i,,,>.s. },,.. c r.ir .,�it r ..!<, ,t...� .t. .v t . r�r, ��t..„ s}S. s'} ti:S t,�.� ,� ,.rr. ��„"s �, ,,...,�:� s<. �;.;' ,.��..�. ,. t a�1�� .� � � :<..t,s t„ ...,i,x . ,t� rr{�... > S t. ,,,t, ,.}:i » ,, f, � r i tl d . ��..r.. :St�� t...ti t .z �. r�� x , r.. > �s , n, ,. .> t.,., ir ri, . .�s.� 1 .,t3, , rr,t3:,{.� rrs,�,s„jt..� . } �.. >�..t� 1 tt� �.,4�... i �. ��2 .t��z r�t,�at c ,. � x.s.:i.t i s.0 1 �li� . i t r31,<,r s,tr. �t (>�s, �.}1 �.�.,., I..1 lt(�.}i i:. y t� ,.if t {jtsrstt�<„ ,.f t.r „r- }��3� �� .kt{� >,t'; .}� f�: t} ,rt„1 .r >�kt� t �u .� rr1��. {�t i7 {t Y zt�t� �l �,.r�, .�,� .45, �.�s. �„�, n:. ,,,, � } ,fFrt:,,,vk„. �> �tr,.,. ,� `# � i .., �.'ti�� S � .ti .r, ,.,r ,tS .( t, ld � lss, c,r,� �� r}5Gt , .,1.,, t{.. z U �rt i ,.�. 7'tts :t y ,�� . �$.�.. � �... } � �3 .t,��s,S�. , .:s .f�. .ti�{i�« ,tl... �:11 � .i,t. .r, � S t�::, � �.I ii�, .�r ,1, 47�z ti .i. �t. �. I,<r,f }, .r}r U„ � ; } c I u:t ri��v �`� � i„a7,. } t} t i.? .t}ri. � ,�y.s..... � ,�. .f,,,�,n�t� ,1 •{.�f }� .v.Fr ..#..41 } .3S .. �, c1<.�.h 7 .iis f i, �� ri rc.� r i> 4, , 1 ti.l,� t .7,fS/ S �. (� .. 7r o,.�� i t�. 4r, ,( .t �r, �i,�7�,.t J(ti >P,r 4��, .�., t. . t�t,vuF. ch ,i , s'iss, u I t , , 4#s „T,� {� ..t. }� ..'t, � ,. t,�. .. }„ � ,S qt�� r,�d +t, f. . �.t ,. ��,�.. � .� u1t,. r , ,.r �,.�,.... , ., <.. ��.�kf } 5 z t..sr, , rr,:, �...fr:. .s �,,,3><ar,s�t,s.j.: .s� .�}t�t.i,. ,t?.Iz r�t ,t.� l� s, . s . :.c f .,.t2� s�.. € .., , � 1 �e, ,� r ,f),.,2r �} .. , , i S..k... �. :� , .,. ,� , i , t�7 t. ,» .r. ) ,.. „ S.y .� ,.. .r.�fi{.., ,,�, t,�ir. .., .,s . {,.� }zt. r ir,... ts....,t „lt�#. I. ,�,11�r. �,22 r .t ,. + `� �. . ,.ts, ..9�„ : „ � , S z ., �t t .a ,k,Srl .r ,. r�, ,�„ .. . ., � �t�},�t� S .(�, tix r..�„� ...,. . ..<.,� tI �',r,r . �. . .r� r,1 r fr1 � , �.: # t. . .t t��c r {�t, .s.. zI {. .� �„tt�,s 2>,).�r. �;.�} t � t . ..t i£ l.$ .,k��i� � � ,.4 t „y<>„ }.r.r, „Stt �. . 3 P,4 ....� r t.r� „ . t. , : t< r, t .�. �t 4. t{.� i� ..zy, rt��s � � i ., � �z�s , { .t, , . �f .�„ rk...€ . st ,k it�r ,t „i ,si �r..,. .. � .. i ��,,.� }..r ,. � . , �t{,k . .0 E. ..J t .r ,�,,,f{ .,� r. t. 1 I ,iS.zt ..i 15 .} � � t }}..,( ..}, � �., ,1,,.. ri S i. .�t ., .,,i� � I„t = S �.i. } , ), ,t , �f.... �c �t„ x .. s ,,�.� a: ,�i,t . , 'm. tf ..rt r,..f t � ..S :,�....a # .�t. §. �5, � t ,�r�t�: . �>t r . .1 �� i. Ir<.�£<:: } rl� t �. � :s . U t , t}, t t� � f rl} f, � r tr � �� ,�, r 33_ t, r {Y t t. t �s �t � Ytf 1 1 �t u lz � e r�ty � i r sz�. .,, �« s, , , .�, r .,� tr� .,.( ., t _.e #, z ,t,:..,, � t ,,ar,,, .r� ,� �.�,�� r. �.,� ,.r, ��. ,.� � .�l �, ,�,,, <<, . <= J �, Src � , . �., r t i i its , , �2.,„ ,� .}r , , . ,1.3,t,rt , � „5 # 4 '. t,t{ }� ��#�, .,}k� s � 5 � ! . { �s � a it, �s, ) ,.�( ! n 4 t � tc�S. a ��r,,. �} �,, lu � � ,,�r,.t � f. � i��c �. � , , x ( r�7,ttsi � r..li .tf 3 ..�} .tt �,� .. � � S�. .f� t.j r ..� t . ,f,,<,,,� .�?.>,i .1 � � .,ti t , , .t ,r , f��.. � S,, tt � t.i t x s 1 k t��f { t.,s n t,=: rs ,� , t.f.,, <<,�,,,., ��.t,z,., I,�r„r� ,f ,� ..� 5 , t-£ri��t.�'S ..t..tr� . „1 .. 1r,.,.,r�t.f , . < . r � +7ss�S . ,4 .. , 3, , � ri ,�t:��. ,S„,r.i,a ,,S i � „ S i 1�.3s .� s �1,..�1.�} �:. yf�r .zi t �7 , t � ,��I . t ) ., ai r 1.}, t,r t, � �.,. �F�r a.r,«r, i.l.�„ i „y ..� r,t� r ..,.t, .�.1 .t �,�{ .r.t,,, ,:,:, .�..� .,S 4s„#sF, .E� �k .is{ .: .... � f t.� � 1,r t.,�,s� .4 ..)S .�f.. .� ttt,,, rz.r ��tl .� �� r,� ,<}.�r } { 1� ,f.. �,��t,# � ttt 7 rt t� �. f, �. �7 } �., t t e4 � t 2 � � � <r �S t. �,� t r� .f I{ .t �. 4, �rt,J, r..l. ...�t .�s pt<{ ,�. �.� .r4��k£,� �r t.< .s lt.��.. r .� ,U,r td�. ..41 i . �a , �. ( ,t o( ��.r S .S }tt is �t�>3 ��s, .i.j 2 c. Y� �� , s'�.. t t � ) 4 ,n ,t , r ss z� ��r}, t tt . hl, � 3 3� �,{ . i, .�!�, s , ,{�},t.�r s . r �,r. . �,ri , �,r, t t� � } � 5.,� S t, f, �,� �.., ! r,�._ ��;��a ,,t}� �.�.i�rf . 4� �{ t� 3 i. ,a<&::t f �� ;,�,:,�>,,s I. (,,v s� t =z{ a, ��: � S t , r, crs rs� t , i i � ,t} r r �sr s, x } f i # t .rr �. .)at i .} r�� .7 1 t .S 3 :f� Fi;3 i, ri g�,� 1. 2 �. (st.r r�, t ,t �;n { , I ,tt,+ } t. .i ,t .zt } .rc� S �rt rii, . „3 .�, 1�..4 jf :inyr''�!� , .i� 1 �.� t �tis +{ �.r >> ir,,. «. �, .�.� { ... �.,st�,. �.t ,�,{,. ::t ..�1 �tei 5.��i .....,�{ ,� , � �.,r��.� �,crs y.,.i .I r, � �l rt..z,i.t k t� ?�s . f=� i..�t<< < , }�S �. r fs, �i t � �7 k � 1 ft ,1„ts,ti.��, �� ,� �,1, ,1 $.,s , t.Si,., .rt�z� J �. .�, f,,,4� - � „t.4 �t� ft,.,� �,. r t ,tlil .f,. ,�,., , � ,,,:,, t, f,4t �,1 .,��}� <��Ks ..7�44 <.� . {.. t �I;��rit,is,i .t � �... � 7 . � .� �,�,..:rF,� 1 .k�,�� c��1, ..fri t3„St( .t 1�r�...S .}.�<7 t�,.,... f�� r.,� � s it�, ,., tSa#.�., .�.s ,,. "�}, }t ��j. .�„r.�,., ..z..�s ...1r 1 t#1 s ttt ...�. t, t.t.�, l.,t .� �.,i F,� 3.. r�? .i.. � .. ,t:�3 „7�.. .t�, �. 1. .,��,4£�"'rr 3 �r�£� ..� ...,i.{. ...., 1�.. ( i .S.t ...ti t ,.. ..i .�E> tts,<�rr� !� , r.< i.. �tt.<ji�.., i s f �.,. 4..�s<..r«��,Fk r27t 7„ 2,, .S . .,� .r,{:..2 .}.�..., 5::. ��t ..� z.f .., t,. � ..:. � . � �x,<,.. t.� u) ��.r2:,( rt , , �( w.rs.,� �3t tt,#�,,, a ?3 3 �, {t,,,l<<3,< ; }- 1 4 �,yt,,l ,, ti, , , �. ,,�� . „ , ;{. Sit t �.,� ,�1.,4„ „ .r fi , t,t kSsSf, {,t,t.��, r ..��2?� „t..St�,s .i,i.,. C �.�:,5� , jE f� l .: ta,1„+ �f . .<,4,�„��, {.�.tt,.4,� t� s r„ ti.., r�,,.,r �I#t! i � ��...�. .J.::� ,.4... . ..tS�r� �,t,.,} � j..s t� ...e <f #., ,�s..,, }„ ��t.t'4 3r7 y �t r�iS<<. >,� i .s lStvi �l.,f..atr:J,.. ��5c l. ...r�,.,..�. . t. f1��.� r .�} �ti,}.: ��.,.I� �j� ,.�,„„�, ,.,�. ..,,� k. „n.t.,t . S j t. t � r,,.s�c . ! Ir �4 z,i t,. t� � t s ... tr 4., r5c )� y 5 t «, � a i rs ��t,E,,,�. t t. i � .,.., , . r,,,,, rsI S t. � , � � �. , 5 �, .�.s r.„ , t, .tt�. . z� 7 ,= z i. -��. �;t ,,., .s . },,�: , 3 t� .�'. , t .� <� ....1 s 1 �5.: 1 r ....{,s�.. � ,., ..,. �}.�.€.f . . t � .,t� ,,,,� t ..2 � 4tt�s...s, .sl,.lr{{ , t.� t., r ...� f �t ....}f. .3 � 1 � .. .s �t) �si cs,, . , {,£ , ..:.t, ta � ...�. t<.r�7 �.F��1s. �,,,.a. ..! �}, .,,�.t�i� ,l� t� 1,�. b....2 i Y, � �.�..1 . � zt�, .,z, �a, ,�t .�..s �r i . tS � ,�, ,�. ,,,,�„ ., t , . tr> S:�_ , k �,..4�.� 2., ,� � , .t�, # 1 � t ,I� , ,... t t. 1rt t. .�r� <, fi.,�4�s: , , S. , ... r}.4., 1 4,1,.3,.�, . Ct, � <fr;ctt,.�. ,f,� � �--� i� ....?. r .s�� . � <�ii , �.ft r,� , , �sS, � ,�.t. s t J , � t ,, � , �.,e„ .,,,... 41rr ..�# �! ,�. r.f�s .:a i .l ... ..t�u� }t. ��r ,s2: 1 a � .1i �z., i,f i ii ,t ti.1� �e.. t1, E � tit,tk� } .i , .�'r. .�1, ,r�.,2<.,, �,<t�,t �t#. tt .t�„i�., ,.IS ,r1 k�,:..::� 2. .s��.f . t�#�> ,r� , l . �, rt, i,{<,,.<.i� 7tr �s, f � �� t� ,,,S�.l.� t� `�,�,7 c� ..� �..rr,�<<tr i,t,� r t S ,} s , i .��>, �i, .� 4( Isr.t� �s,n <,t,,r�t .r.. � �i,�,1s} � .5�,. � .t..� . �1 . },� t.,,.:..,. .,«�j . � r.tittlt'�if.>7� ��.1�tl ,...,5 3 ,�� f. St�f S{ .�t. �:,i?. ..a..... 4 . 1... £>ss . �sr�. .4, , i s . ,.�rl..7 . ��ty,, zt�s .ycl��, .r , rt .,x,.�,.x , s, ,.� , t, ..t ..� f{ ,.i.t } � ....,�.... z� . .t).� � . t a:, , 4>7st r,c, , ��<3 t�� , �, �,,,rtt�: ,.U,>�<. ..1�s (., S.,J i, �,�s,.. t ��i.,rr 111., r., t,t,t. � ...��tz.si��,�i} �i,�,. ;{.t � ,�r ,Is Sa,i �.P. }. �b��" > �,.,.#r}, �.,� {�>.nYi, t � .i. r .tl ,l,at.,� .t�. t. ..�...� 1 Jt, � . „r� ., .t ..c,i,c.t rt, t. � S, > t .�, }3�„s. �r� i �;st, �tti �, .�r� �r�t r � r 3..�. f. S{�,.: .�t�S .,.4.�».s ,,,,.: .�I�, �,< <Sti o-3s�r , � zA,t. , .,, !.f ��. .,.) . �.., .� ,r� } .., � r. .�E �.1. � >�t . i �r..t. 1 �.r�,a.f. � , s.,. �i�.�.t, , � ,<,3,sd , ..,,�s, ...ti , t,s, r.S � t� ,� i,l Y,,�S> 7�, .� r..,. .�. , r ,., :..?1 7r . c .� t.I,„. � t£,, � �s,�i trY� t,�t ,. ,�, ,�{trtl <s 4:.5 rt�,t,rc �, �c.,� i z. �,1, �t�,t;°. .F�...� �r �t �isa ..t ssa �r t�k,,,�1 t ..,..; � �t ,t , r( �I�,,,.... 1.1>t,f�}r,,a.rr�,t t€.krN..,.�.Isitt,. ,.r,,�>5,��,) t}ri „�€ .: r�. 4S },.< ..} ��. �;,� „�,. }}� ..3 �Is ?,. „3J„�� r..ztls.< .,«,. � I.�. �. .i 1�z<ti.s>t� .t . �I r.sr.r .:.k {, k f,&,} ..?�6 4t1a ,�t�t ,� t, Y f�,�4,,ts ,s� <l. r�4,,, lr. r.,,nt.,,..ra�,:�, tf�, z�,�..( � . '� .. � 4 � �i, �...k,$, .s . .t,�� .. � �,3�r1 � s:�n , t ti17 i . tst .t ss rf l,1 .r„tts„ttt3 <s,�r �. i..,� rrs� .� ,r�.,t� «,,sh ?, .t .�t�t ,t, ,r �#,,,„ .l r,a�s. i t�r 4. c ..r r 1 z �?. ,i:..� #,.t.�r, .,v�,�n,. I( ,t tn aS .( F �.,,r. .t �.... '� �� ,�litz, ., }� � 4 .. f.,.3 ,Y �:t: ,t < f,fs , �, r. 5.r r.. ,,:r,.. 14f,r<>s.i ..4{{ �{{.. t. t a � „�,.. ..Y t� „ ., .:35 it, l,lfs ...i.s„��. .Ii,�, .+ . ;.. } .i�f,f.,r>s..�f. �, � �'t. i r,}ri�},r , ��S�ts�/l tt .<r. 14i1� t� sz� �.. , k t,,��s .r.,4 ,tu ast .,�,t. 'S It1. tr T�n�Jr,. .t, { ..� t�t, .<}�£r'1�f�tlkt (�+.�„ ,r �3 k S�{.t..�.{ ..12.. �i t i �.1$,$ st��r�t,„�ttt iv,, tF�. �.1�Ij �,� r.t,,, „it� f,,� �.nt tr. it . r s ?,t . F �:�z 1� 1a, �i�.,, r, }, J. 4tz 1 , �.� �5 t� {�',�o :.3vi,.rs .3 i. 3... 7.� � r�5.�,�t, }f �.,4��:, S ,.J, s, rl�S�ttl.,�f it7��t r.�.. 7. i � �i „ d�.rr .,s�, r�,.,�ii411�.. „�r,.T:rll�„41, h,..r .`�,i��tr.t� �� d t..; ..t� . .� ,.t'?=,��t..� ......il5�s t(t � c�,,, <.t�S}}, .,4t,,.. $�..��.1 ,��,�.�i,...: ,�.>t,, r1}�.� S..r,#,.t�q,t,#:,fct :t+i„�c„ '�i � �( �lltft,. ::��i,`�3Y}si ...3r�� ..l�it t �� .�zl,f(:� � � £.�tt}rc�la5.t. si< s,t.�i2$t sr�t ,tyt.7 �,s;,,tts r�„�,� t:,rs��.i. rk ��'.� {4 s 1�4 �r ,i i},,,�: c.. ti5st� ,t}� s.ntt t k ;.�. t �4si�.:t, } ,'.tts t s.s.k y,,�t l,<iz.,,t,�t. ��{,�,s.� t,� �t� .�rt,sl .t 5..... .tts. $ �i 4 .:..�.,, < . , t �.,.y �z��...t,I.t�}�n;� „�„! sU�3.:� s��.,j^.1 .tfl�. ii r .}��. �t� „34a�3., . „:t„< i,�l.,n.:� {�. r}� .� ti #rr ...a�.,i�,<.,�..�tt,. „k,(i�, .��''��i,�t.,�<<�,... ��tt, i 4i.{{,f t {t t){ .},�, £ ,)�t?�}y�� . SSt,r�r� i� i { f <rei , �:::n} ti.t1K".,i �.i. Sl� .f {�.t ..ts, , st,c.,.,4 ��, �,: . �i,s.l�hs,f�,t i�,s..t, 4 L .:.�. }.�.,�,, x ti:� t � Stt,�>..�,t.�� . �,,.ti .f,a..li� ti$ ..t.. ,�f�; .1<� �z. tir,4},�t,r}if t<i�a ,. ,.,rt ��s„i� �t,s� << ..r� . ,lf�, ....3 �#`%v �„�.. 4<<�}s�ryti t . 4 S��ttt�,i. t.f.�.r�til�t �ri t}. r� �,}il,y l�,s,t ,,i,�>sr,,.� ,sSS<,ijr.�„ ,..rs 4 .5 f, v.� r;�..#,s ..��t Si . { ..7 zti,,�,..�1� �t t 1(� y„ (�££,�<�� t, r�'S t .r, { ,r�j4,Ft �,� :�,�,}r rrc �r� �t iI, �S � � : „t ,.,� St �.rtis ir,.�i��,. ¢ i,, tt`�.,�(� ��,rl, ( .,�, ,�,, <3;»}t .�.,,�tj�,r?�trttn�,�c,�j lus, t,.. t�, }1$t,r . ,?,�..}rl.�t.��; x...,�1�..�. .I): S,.iF tlrk� ..,$, �,. ..tft{�,t .f .8 ��..ti i.c�i<$t.7: <�,1��c„t �{ f.) �. f„1.�1�i ,E ,f �}s r... .tk{ ),�2 �t..a s. 5.... I .�,tt i�} �„ `��.. ,<s.,i�i,i,s..it f a{1 c � ,.4 . t<,, z}=..,,�i,�r.f� t�tt.j.a� �x r�t,, s�� 1{�� a ,4t � b. rt T� { 7 u„ asf i s� t J,,,,� tl,t , � r �s t} ��r,<6 � .:,�7§f :.�. ..5,.� ,,.�11 .,�f�< <,��t i{ i �E 7.f itS,., . t7r �,), t t i ,',a.. �.1, .r�t„ .., iri ..1 rnl , ,Y,.trr =t��„t,. I S{4U# S.� .), t{e s. S, u,lt. �....� tf.�it t,.#1�tf ..:.t 7 ��i ,,, ... .( 1„1i;, .�. tt�r,:,k�.,�sS,. i�� t i r...{�t .t i tt,fits3.f,��tl i,,,�. 2,.(,ir,,,�{S�}�,.�1.�.i„s E ,,.,s,,.trli# .{ � .. .1.2.t ,t u/,s� .,.li�r��)�,.. �. s'TIi�,.,,,}I,.. �t.§ �i i. tkt.i # ... .�i t,r l3 rii, a ,4ts.;s i„�<„< s � tJ ..SS }r�, .t. �_.1 ...fi��t. ,:,�,art, . �I t, _...S��rts,.s;�,cs . s . � �},y,,,i.i, . {..y, t„ t,.��al,1i,},<, .,�� t ,Yttktr, .,,,.r{f i1 t.fF4,i f..... t �i,i) .tr r ��::,.�,�lrt < �.:�.Itt �t{.It. i'k. ., ,, s.f,ic:..,z�� 7 -� , . ,{a ,.?,.,�t.. ��,,�tl„�i �,, .s.�, t�t?t3 � .rt�f�S . ._.� .. a...�t }s YF,., ....�7'z� iU �.. �t4 l .�S> tj47t t . 't�r ., .�t ,.„ ,.'� t,� ,»�,`}� t��ti, <.r� ,i, $„ }� tt � t..} 1. .r.r,i tr„ ...,�t�„4..t,r,s t..,a�. r1 � s �1 . , �Stit� s ?4,,,,s>r2,, <,.i �s. tl3t�tlsir}rt,,t«tt Jn� t!} t .s .�tlsr f . s rii�� i�t zlff3 �r.�r, �, ��,.�5 ,,.,�t14,1,3+)rsr rt t�,..?� �� .t;s£a.,Irr r t1.4,,,7f ;?tr tt.cct j� . .ii��rtl .:.:j��lro l. a.��tt,l J s. I .J)7. ltn# Srfzr:: lt� �i { rl..,,l, J, s , },t.tt �f.}1 s� i! #.r u � .� rit#{�i} „�„ a.,}k,,r 1} i,��14.. 4 t>t„ r„urr,tr<<,r, f. 7 �a..7,,k, at.� ��{S.),�lr, s.,,r�{.,,�r� }r-t�.1{t}.. y yr,trr s. .t3 .+t_:lt� {t� rt:t ,�s1 y}<,�S , � . '7 t�.7 S (r t�t �..rtS�l t�1, ,2,i i�Jl(tis{t . .b,tS',`�rtn�..», ��,t r,, � �S��7 s} ,,�.Yf h,>i� ,<diit r zS:iF,..� 1.. T�s i. �i� ..�,rS,, Jf {,y .. 4� .at �rld �.£.rr.:�,t i.,,, i`7 ��I,.ii r,� .rrl�,}trlf�t. fs,r, lri� s5 ,r� �3 t�(rr �J rr rz,�s7. trzt,r� ti s;� ss .'t, rtr,�..< tj�s`�t •o-}��z,i�<, Ct�,t,7i's. tz ...3�.ii�{, ��f�!sr� �,{<«ttvl � rt� .r�s ::..$�rf45.!}.�U < :;u�4,li , ...14�f3,tc}} .�7 .n�. f�J�,,ttl,as': ,S,�4t rl,�kF.t.r,�f�f ��. #�t ; riS. ,ssS,�. �rP.� , �'Jft4 . �i �t�tr � t .r t�s,r)3� ��try,�s3 3ts�� 5�.:2. ti{�.{£ fsS.�t,�k��.� �„.:.�S1T (i, j�k,a$� ni�. ��}�} v�� },<� u�s�,}�Ud„i.4S 7i' �..t t rii{.,<,S �r . � f,�. �i�{>�t„�� c�tr , f,t�,t#1 r{.: ..,�{isli ti��,ri�'�s��t�<.,t�,ir7.7 � . r.t 1�.., .,7��{, ,��»„s n 9s{ :{ , s i.,,i.S� 7�r3f�t,, r, �„� ,�. �3s�}. �{�{s�.. I�,4.�},� �.: ?<<,t<it. )�<t �. r,l.r,<,,r s�rrsz,�?�tr��.�tr � ��,�734.�i#i „S�{t:.�� ...5 �.4,, �t�t t» �� ,�{ .,<t��..{ ..�?G�t . r.f�� .:r�r ,r�.>t�< r rs�z,t,,+ ..i,#I, „�,'t,�..,<>s<.r �„< <...i}i«�t{ t,t�rt t . �,::�+,.s„., :s..,.,Shh.,t>. `<{b, ��c,� .#�t4t t>�i�. i.t,.t (i1� }t4,t � �t, ..}�t,r i, ri f., .t{�,. �{„r,ttiit,:n, s,«�tr��i t}.ttr4r,�ir fi3ta(lt� � ,t!}� tr} #. {4s,.rr� i tt,>�,2.,f,f �{ ,`,tt�.� ,�1,,,.uf�r,.,stir„��,3i ,st .r,€�� t , .�SSr�f2 7rctr� r� �..,,} � z��s?: ��3{,t� r}#sri,�4 � 71i� ..i..a r�.y,,,1t��;1,,S.t;,� W 12� (a.J�.<U�tt r� r}�t 7 t}�,tt t 4 tii .�� i��i t n 3rJ��rs,�,s 4s f�,4 zr't�s�, jr�c�lir?��ti�itrtll} .�� ,��,,.t�ti,r,�. �,.� „s.,ts,,i�,tr �.l s, } s �r{rft?�x �}�s�t�r �7„�t i,,�� t,.�. ,k .�.i,a 7t S., is<,{.3,t i't�ii<s�r,fd.t�,}a,:#�`�i,:�i�s� .,�:�,t,.,c,r4s k��f{t��c�L :� ...r,.f t },lr{�}}I.t s�t ,:ftt� t�, ...fxyrlt�f. �,f� s �.ls. tt� ti. �F trtc�. r 7 f .�{ t n . � }�, .t, Ff tS t��,�;;� x. sr4��i.4�,��>r2„irtvSS{3,,,�,irt r ri4� 4t �.,s�#� t,�34.�}, ��tt?��>j �:� i?4,} l�Si..}..�I� t ��i -��s r.s :-tas,st4tf�ir�;7€� fi€;.�s�{rt��tit;,s;,,,�F�i,��..��„��1z. {.�{t i i..rsrrt tl�tt�1.t s i trf tP�i {1f,t21�.,�is.7rtnst, c�s#'.{$f s�l 3 t Cm,....rf� ....u.}F �s �Ff' t��lr I�i,r�tzrt t�rt� ttalctt�,kt��11f �isz t,.�}r3�,,4 £J,?�� t��s �r,�ir�1}. }s{�,��{�{�F�LE }�i I��t� ,;4,f� x �y3�.J.j t�r��lrt#4f�i trtsl�iS� t�r,. t�?1;i��3��,s{��f�i3t��na,yss„� ��stl �rt>,�t(�tt��l ��s�iJ�$,stf��.��ssliur, , ,a� �rz�,�h,#t�r,: #4}. �`i�i{?s�}{ fi�{�SSti4 7�ti.r, ��i},`{,�t�at3{��,i;,�it��){,t 'tt�:,t1tiS;��t..:..ts i�t , x}t l�. i st��.1.{7 tt(l#�„ �i (,�r„t}sc.�af...{?. �fr�t i��{ji:��}h�.1�?��r�s5:��r,,sr£ t�.rrt,,,ft1) �.kYAi :��rti 1��tJ..:St{r�.0 fli�}itr�ktsF<,t„ .��... ,1�r.�,. ,��ihtt .tt��.�4s1t{+i�Gt,.�„}3 > . �t,rrlt fSiS „�tJ�Sr�,tt,��.4r, .. $i 3.t 7. , 2i- }.,, .�tif�.,rtst�6r, s ��=��03 .:.r, ,}�ji� tt . t�1:,s,iii�4,:,�,z��,trt£�s�t�t,y��t�,t..fi !�.2<,d��.r„t>rt{��.,{,r„tti} :..�.�i. 1 t.. i�.{,tt{ r1.4�. c. ,y. ::n:� �Icr.,`3ir. �S i.(ftt .t.�14�3,},n��.�rt{t��k t�.;t21��.>{y{l�tl - � � r..,#i+� .�r}�{3 y�Yr�.tr .tt7 }fF ts« Y c��tti�;}. .t,t�. h}�,..S..t � .,r s tr t.�t..1tr�,,«,S} sl4�1 ...i{At.tl�- ��t£„v„,. ,s�s i .:y t f`�nf, £n .}< ..tt,.4�.(tss�t c'}t z .at .,�txt �:.,r.l.,s(s�t� )�Ss.dS 2�<tit,:,,,�i�t.,J{f. r }t��...ss.Stt}$t��.,lr3rt, jt ,4 ...,�s<.� a .� ..t4tr„ttst+�S�.,.ttd� tltt . ..i i�� ,.,,}..�sA�r7£s I.. <3(`1 „ , �a .�' {� {t:��t.J.I ftt< �£�i�}z�t}.., t...fi ��ts...{ ,� �.}t „7�4r 1ji ti£�,(t,. �. ..1,�v11,t. ;{�,;..., �a ,r�t r.,r.., )�fl,t,c�t,�1r.. t4 �t, . �si. .�� la��. ! � ?.f,,i{�r srr�� .. xt .r f�sF ?{}� , x} ,�f,r r {,ti�j.}t.tl7f(s.j 4� � t:.�ln,4?s ,, .. i t.l.rt� .�� tt�� r.y:s 3� ..,�t,t��rt .. ,fl ..r�}�7's £ n{1r-#lS{� ; }.3t�,.... {s ?r�t.�. .:#,f{.. 2 ,I<}4 sftr1 tl£,a.:. �a,rys r d.Zaf��.�t.t. it� S„Ilr.,€�b5i�.t�tt:.. �fJ� �.�.� zS�r.31�c� ..,�f.t,`�`�3 r i}i� 1 1 .,�sn t�tt,t��:�.�t,v�r,4 5.,,tz.. �.Y `. �t�. 3 s it iltr, ,t,.., t!t,r}, ,tl, ,~t ...t .ill+ : �j�� ti�tti t� 7.�5 1. r;�,, t ,5�,,� ,r„� ,.3. �c>5��?,It' :`.,. £tti �{ { t.. t J�1,�.>,t, tiy,V.>ir,t �s...7{tl ��.... f �� 1�.5.�,.rl,. ,..i�:�t�s<5�� t�. � .. :..5<>.<a ,�a�r,,.i , I�,�.,�� ,s r.l r .t2,ttlts} .. t ss{ }t i .i� ...11; ttr7..��ti��zt�!?i 4t�4. :t7 }St �kr 4k �4 ..;s ...,{�,)a. �.�s., t�f,3< ,c„ ,�t��s..i2 .. S.1 . 3t,:.r s��<.��s ,.1.. # ..Ss� t�),Fa,..� �,s 3 ,.€ c J . r .r {it, . ..�f. � ,ttfi,�„r,, ,trl� �..ttr ft3. . ,:s<r,, ,f#c{t .s �:E.t�t �. 7 :.c.�?.�£). ) r3.s#�, ��t .�2, l, ..�? i,,�s,3,�.r„tt:,v,it .ti ,.ts , � t..t}.,� { �.� i�»�.,,, tt. .:.i itr{4l. .f .4�(It�.{.,t r,,: c2� ��?,.... .,,,�• ,,s } t.. .rr��,i 4,i} . iJt.4E. ..$ta t) 3... .ti . . }, isr.. ..�i r r , ,t., 1 1 t, : � 4 �..... ....qF ,>,�LE:,. c „f. . r, t� t:„�it l(t. .t.. .l � , ) x'iZ t.... � { .. , �� ?ti .,} i . }� l.�r .i. .,.. ,�i ., . b,. ... .�Si.. ,,�:n ,��ff , ,u �. . r>«< , } tt,,.,�t,t�., �..� l c,�f t ,.12 r t. ...:� �' .r . !t. r� I .r#�t�„t,t..,�.t,>, t...t tI t, r� Y.3s31 �...t 4 4s�.. tt ,�, �..t .} ,,,tc� t t x r, fit( � �, t �t, t .� t„ t� f{ yS sY t�3 t, �a �� , rI r � + „rf r,t � t.s t�.fs ,t t �r�ef�t , 4,~ �,,{.. �lt , :r, �Iz .<, t�, t.i t r�.t 3 � isz. � ,„ � , # �»=„s� tt r 3 r� i,,t 1 f .�, �� F, t ,, r t t<,,,.>t,ttt,., i ,,t a ,..I.. r �.t.<< E t,.�,,�=1 � l,�r, ,a,l , St, f: ti € � tz t � > i,> ., :fi c�, , t }1,si�r�: ., ti ,s,}t � .:t, tt, ..ts,)tst! r. ?�> <.,.i,. ,f� + �} s w�: t=,ir. t, : t. F�,.F, 7, iZ S,r ,f . s> i , x. s ,1 � , , t� aa�a , t�� tz s 3 5t� s ,s { %< 41 t,1 .,s:,S.,j �.tt,4,r1cr�,..r�t�� , ,<�„ .r �� tf�i3� l �� „<, r� r, .�f�. >...st �, r , �1�a t.�„st.. th�5 ;rtus(r t{ tsri .,...,J � „7 � .��sa 1}r..,5�.7<> r tE t. It» �:,�, i,n,r 7. �t+. , 1 �:.)ti , ,1 , ,..s�,<<r� �1..},ttrl, �!r o .t�.F ..� �� {�, ��z .l .t.{� i3 �r, r, 1 �� „� s �r {1 1 rr.#t� 3„ X >t. rn, ..��.i � �� ,�s I.� ri �l�s; r} ri7 f� }� � t ti ,; a r t { s � 1 ,� � ,t } � r t�, r i �s, � l< r, .�a I.iY�t , i �,, (� � .�. �� r � � �t�t ,� � ? l S� t,5i1,•;, tt t � t �,,, .I,. .t 4 1 tt 1,�; f � �ta ��,,>•,<s t. Stf , .,t. � � s� ,�tr ({Erlo}, i �.L < <,.t tt ...£,.4 � , t� �t�,. ,.�t „st .. � i� .. ..f�� t � i�f t,.,{i},�l,.� }1 fr ,y,. <. . z t i,s 1,�(1t. .,� r,rti »„tt, 2 , ).�sitltlt, �s i, �ss�.�, f?,}�<<„ff�I .x�<;t �1,15.u�Ut t: 3,rlt� �f. r .. i,},5 .... 1�1y `�, �.it,�r t�»,.t7,t. 5�S�s.<..i`�... { �.ft � � ;:...? �7�..,t.r. ,.��1 � r,.>/}:,k..,,t�,.r> t�s.�.t,�t c . ,t,..�tr��h . ..f,� .�{..��,�11s .£c�,.t.P ..�� s.,,,,� 4.# .. ��> f. c �� `,� �. .�t tzi�, , ,�r 7<.?, �,s1s n = �„c�r�3��, s{., �: r tr:r ��. ;y ; ,Sit�r1 , ltt 1. S, S . �t �.a 5,.. t, ��tr .,s rr, }i , „� S t. <.r� r�l,, s t . S� \.7 �� ,.�r.�l.� ' :� ..7 :�� ,.S z ti, . � 1 s �. .zti4... . �. .,4} ...5r�fb. . ..<i7� „�rs,,.t.rt . ..s,�ss�..:.t; .t..cl t .0 �r . it...}. �.� � ,��.� �St �?, t �3„tS=tt�„r . rrr s� t .i ta t � t, ,�s .}s. t�{s � rt.c.., �S � r1 f„�,�.{..t.0 t,r),tI}<sk{#,.:. �rrt, ��r t , �..f . S . ..��5,..i.� � 4 r� .t �1.. ,i „sf .� ) t s t r nrt . t�t.,,. ».v�,�,c ,� z�. � � t,z �, ,t , .,.t ,S ts �, cc r,,. f �h; rt,�r,, t .t r.t , ..{��f1{,f� , t.t r.J� 4. ,>�„ sr t.� i3.. ci <,,.. i . ..i,it 4 , .> ,.,<,, �.#.,,. „ � , ._., r {.,,: , ,f ,Y, ,Gf 7� tk�s�,i s r 2,,, .h � r.�t? ,,,i ,...} „�.r ) z:t},,.4< , .t�51 .4>tt,,,. s 1�, ��4 r ,. ��, s c„ z �S�. , i ,�,t ,S a r ?t�� Sr� � ti� slSt � �,rt, � ,,, ..�.#7 � t i tr .i5r�7,}+,� S �t, si,7t. l.. �k.. � , 4s�l�r, i <r�. 4 tfr„ �� ,r , �ar u � �� t}�,l�. .,s, , {�1,�si z�I ,,,�r. .,,.�}tr...i ..zst�I,.2 '� .��,4 ,# z,,,. ,� ,�. �., , t .,,, �� 1.,. <,rf;.,(�..rctl ,>. } ,�i:i,<..�,J(� $f3�sfN.�t C., l� tt,�,�t,} .l . � i .2i1t�7,. .t �� t 4>+'#it.s ,t. s�; s � ��,�.. r3 r�, f��L.� tY41 ,.�3l,t„ l�t.t �f ..`i�s,t,., . � f� :�.r�,�� l.l,��ti !t � f ..t,t.�}�r �,�tSSs�, � �� „s „t . at � i. � �.t,..ttl� . t �I,.�tr,��.r�L�9,4.:it.�;t ) R. �,t,,,t,7, �..# . �.. ,tr,r�,{� ti<s}, , l ��.,>< ,33. r�r„„+ „1 � r {,t, s„�Jt ,:l<, ,rr�s ��" s r� 2 n {,i,s iE tt �r a, F ,{i - r t , t.� 3# .�, l.�t�.. .,f i� �t,t�� . t..�i ti..t � �. t ,r>,,.r, �r ,..1 t ,, f.l��.r� . ,t,.t ! s r� z f,� , .t , t S ,t t�, tl r...r ,,,t2,s.:sr�lt ��:.w. it..,, ,::f r, i.s , „ �c. �s.,, . i r . F � ,,.�? �„ ;,,, i ,4,t , s . ,� { t�i fl,i..,.:, s<r{r t,r. r t > l�t, ot5 it, t 3.t , s{ ��}:.. ,rS�..r I,.,�,5.7 ,:.� s� .. ft 1. ,, r»,t..,.., ,'�€ >t. r�,$rir r„ � , , },tSsl ..,�r, ,,,a,.., , r .`�`. � .� ,.... . t� „t�t�t.,.f „§,tt . �tk.,,Tf.�.,r, .l ,s,_ �� 7�,, it r, ��r .U,�E,,. < J,�. �,z,., t tt f�..� q r ctt�1, �,.,, � ,s,, .��,rs�3.�r1 t, 11 n. ,,,, �t,{:,„ t ��,z,y. ��w�+��,�}��nriu��!�+,l�s��u�}u�tt��t��t�ttz��,t��r��,�,st�,�o�r�% ��,�a�.t�rral z��swe�#„�t��ll u�l�}��t}��n��£�r�,�t et��tuS�u„n�<tr7� ',��2��€��,z4�� Fi��ar��. I�Ii��1i��se�v�cl s��rs c��a�.str��rrn��a��ds{t��e�rrab�r�d�17)irr f��r�c�i��`s��avvrtt�su�ra Fixed Wir�l��s Service�A"��ilabilit��;�` �. �i�u�-e 5 and Figure f s�ow the wireless served status and downstream speeds in Redding as of December 2�117;, as well as a clt�ser loaf� at the served status and downstream speeds available in downtown Reddirtg,The majority cif Redding is`without wireless service; however,there are a number of isolated areas wi�Ehirt�he city with`tiuireless service. Most of the scattered wireless service in Redding has downstream speeds between 10 a�i�25 Mbps; however, two small areas feature speeds between 1 and 2 Gbps.Downtown Reddin�is curi`e�tly without any wireless service.Depending on the location of towers, access points or base stati�ir��rd line-of-sight (no visible obstructions) to customer premises, fixed wireless service can cover wide areas, however, environmental factors such as trees, buildings and topography can affect availability of the fixed wireless service33 33 For mare details on the technical capabilities and limitations of fixed wireless technolagies,see Appendix 8:Middle-,Second-and Last-Mile Broadband Technologies. �..�:� b ' k, r$,a '� ��. 4 .. ..�.,.., „t� ��. '�* c �r w i u wv s��,. �fl�� .g r �x r3� �.av � �'"� t xr, � r . �i a.. ' r; � �. r-A� �. '�m. t �� ' , , ._aGWrs"2ixu5�� .. �m '"�s+�+ .r� ��' �E �� a �a'7€�61fsp5"iGhps g ��"� �" � 4 " . �'t862A6{s"Otl�Mi»as.: � R ' ?g t w. '� F � 60kVak�' 1RRMkyra�. �.w....„,�...� ..� 5,,� �4 �� —2+�t�AhPs c SG 9r9aF�s wk � ;� . y,.w #U AOt�ts 3*b 6Rbp� x �g �: ��c �.x � '� sr��v at+ns�,�s. �« �ti� +a��w a z��n�9 -�...�� ..R." � � a�nt,v-� a�*nv�. .. �,�4�•,• `➢ �s"° > 2€#i}&hF�a'1Id4sP � """� e 24tr KivP's �..�a."'",„�� 4 �,r � �� a ,,�� " �' � , �strr, � �.s � � . � # ",.� �`•gs �,WW�,.w: .� . u � . „t p *p r ��M° �� ,�,��-�� ,� `; �� 8�„� � �a �' � ��.� „ ;� ' � x'� �� i � � �� ..g '� � ..'w y��.. . '�g �ro ,� g�. �'r a .."�'�� ' �.� � �«� �� y �„� � » s�� wd�� '�, ��„.,,� �: �.,..�'" �..,,,„r�� "�. ��w� a,x '�,o, �,�, .x, � �;�d. Fagur�5,Fixed wireless served status and t�ia+nrnstreaf�.��r��tfs(Decem�i�r�C71�}in the Cif y af Redding. ��_�„�� -,. �� '.'n;hr.tAht�+"�5�.�.p a.PYsue{<�,yi 3esx v��a ��,:6 �er ta�Y� ��:�>$2 a�.Yagrs:. > 3 tib#"��<2.bg+�.�. > 5451 fA9i�ks r 4 e',#g.�... �:�� ifli#Ydtspe.c5@t.i�442.�.. .::�.*—Sd§CdCi�ivz^9#iMFi�rs��. 75fitCi�s�!n�R pdt��.� z YiYMb�:s¢2titAliF�� { >=t,�Sla[i��:,f t h34rps� ."A�,i* 3M&grs�aGfi4tv�as�.. t s>F tiEhy.�:��e�#A��. *�'ttYl MYaps<s pdbyrs�.. a 2#Y,�ES4*p.:�. � z 3�,�a y„ � � �` � �„ � . .r , , . . . . . . . ..��.�� ,, �i�ur�6, �ix��vvireles�s�r�rec��tr�t�s�rad a�ras�rrast��c�raa spees�s�L?ee�rr7b�r�Ct17)Ira}��d6ra�'s C��rrrtcr�rra, ��7 4,1.2 Advertised Downlaad Spe�d Availability by ISP AT&T California AT&T offers a mix of Asymmetric xDSL, ADSL2 and ADLS2+ technologies within Redding for residential customers. Figure 7 shows broadband speeds offered by AT&T in Redding (December 2016). Asymmetric xDSL,speed offerings in the 768 Kbps-1 Mbps download range,are available on the outskirts of Redding(yellow areas}.ADSL2 and ADS�2+are offered in several scattered neighborhoods(brown and light-brown areas) with speeds 1 Mbps-10 Mbps, and more widespread (light-green areas) are speed offerings of 10-25 Mbps. _._,s_ w ,� � � � .��w i � �tt� � � ��t �� ;� ! �`.,��' ��,#' � � � � -.�� '$�f �i� Y A,7�xiT{�„if t�tE,� l mH ' �{14}4 m� �*� ■ 1�+�Jf55 °ad ( � ��3,� �� 'Q i`abD9 .�2 GIP��s �. �s, 1 � ��. y� � �, .,_��}i�PAP�dfs�1 3hps � ,+� � �� lt t J �.,;s°" ,� � _'Eit�S�Sbp�+'a+DdP�S�!r m.,�� .�. . ��,.s ,?� ._��a��r��,�s �� ,-�.�' � �'w;' a�ne�;5�e�t� � $ �s _ac�r�vcs�<zs na�,� � 9�°�a �,„� �� «2�+; �na��,:aa��a�,� �, �� .� � C,�-`,.�,, „�,...;,�..,,, �;�t� � �.�: � �� MGP'�,:6�trpu � ' ..d"°��. `�^ '�` �. *�i {: x . -�Mbgu�c a PAk�ps j �� L� 1 " —"..*�'ttF:{ksP�e 1&S+Yps � � k�',� '�" � ��:� �2M1 Efb� � � ��k�aa.xc4=Y��&: � � ,m+ # � �w.�«. �,� �.»� �t r �^.� .�C � 5� �t �. �'.; , �� i�� ri'�� t j .,ra `�,'� ^�_� �f��+s a� ��t .�� .�e:. �,. � + 4',., i �t � f � ) t �tyv j{s �} ` �; � }f?� t t�r,a`pi¢Nl4?� h3iy .�. t��ri � �'Ik�r` . } S 4!#tJ } �� . x,��Y's��S3 1 r>� ��;4{) {+«, t' �'t� i �aa¢;� �`��" ��,r � �«. m� w� � � �. , , �a�' �,.��;f�, �`" }�; �; �'��:�� r �� *� f e° �� ,X 4 ''; ,� u„m��S,,; $''..kk4 �.£,tfY��. k�e.., A" zt A $ I �'^,� p :, � i �^ a."�. �J$#S�tt#'x�u' ry k i t � � }t � � ,��'t i �q� ; �" �„ . s t ff �s3, t g � � } 1�,tt rc �. t� tr �'t�.*, ,a�,,.„ds X � ��v, �. � t *..,�+"`".� � �� "4s I *'� �� t�,/� � .�'� � � � '. 3s�� t5�' �'� ��. � � � �`� � �� «�� 1 � �'d�"�� , a, � „r��aW«w �� 3 € '��. ;i «�„� �"" ra }�, "� , 2 �: �'a �� i. g� i�i;x' �4 , z4 d I .�� , ��r�* �� n��..� � j q� ��*� � ,,�� .�'� ht' � � �� I ;• �"'*�;. .�. �: *� x° � ��.v_..�_, °'"�' ___...... .4�"��._�.�� ,_�._w_.�.�_._..__.._ __.�. ,.__..__m___m.. �igc�r� 7. �racrc�b��c��e��i��p��e�c�ff�r�ef b}a�T�T C'�lif€�rnic�ir� 1��c�r�ir�c�(��rraber��?.17� Allstream Business Allstream Business is a business-class-only broadband service provider that offers broadband to Redding businesses using technology categorized as other copper wireline technology. Figure 8 shows broadband speeds offered by Allstream Business in Redding (December 2016). Allstream Business offers download speeds between 1 and 3 Mbps in a small area near Cypress Avenue in Central Redding. `�� #��wa�.,rc¢x£+ansraE.aw Y7&,lrt,'�.. � �>=.3C;€sp��. '_=i a".,G45�`2 G'6ya� a�r�4�;�v:. t4c a��: x=:�b6}�5bry��t E7Yap3 ��. y��,�,e�;s��+Pdm r"x;ya� �LL=r.�Q15 AAkspxs<�u«b Afi6�as '.;��.as,a`�ar.a�a�2�a a'�Y»�a�:�;s `°�-5f h4kr�re=9536 AAh¢rs >=.25#2bp�^:�0�MirPs sm;3tlS A9bp�.�.2�n�P6b�rs �:t cky. , s-�.�,ASbps<2�+A9bps r�srt, �ait�"=�:�%�*96��G AAbps � >—S#A6}t&=3 M6pts �� . x,'a'ta'}'(kttti� !"` '-2a�+5Ktr§��^#�1koi� � �`� �. � x 3��k K[.4xs ,tM+ � a � w �„ � „s, �� . §�Y�i�,'"�§'Yc�� 3 � � t � �;. ', � '; .. _: , �s;� t� �} ��a Y }. Fic�ur��. ��oc�c�bi��e�ui��s��t�.,c�f�er`�c�by��:��r�r��r �casiraess irr�ed�irtg(��errabet�,2t?1?� Charter �I��r�er offer��+��31e Interr��t service t��r��identia�l customers using cable technology. Figure 9 shows s�e�ds offered by Cl��rter in F��d�ing (December 2017). Charter advertised between 100 and 500 Mbps dovu��ad speeds in mc��t areas o�t��city(blue areas). � F� � � �,��-��,�� - � �p � �, �,. � � �'�, '., . '+�,., �v � �Qi�asz�e r;�ra*ara�easr:s6 rna.feae< �. � ��,s��;�� y �u.� �w��- � ��u�,-�`" � � �_�c�� z< � ��s�aa��+cr� .a.*. � , �m ��...� �s��o��mas�t�» d�� t� ; �*'�¢ � �-�a4t kdbP��'44t8 4Abp� a � �:wq3mr,Y� ""� � ,p°� . �Yw�t's �;.,�5 09b .�:G�A �� a�� y � � �_��s�rv��^srr�c+�� Gs �� ' . ��_a��rt€�� ( ,.r"'a� �a. ��°'� w=ww+�'�uq#e�� t=€�a�a<�ts�d��. 3�°� � ��' � � '� =2ta�6ttk��.9�e,gs �� 3�` ��' �'� � � �< <s��c�,� �� ;� � �' ��'Y .,� � �• � �� ( at�,��r�<� �� ff�,��. �, a � ,, �,�' ��.`�� „��,� �. • � � � { k.�� ryt y , .am,..�. , � u '� '�aad W�W'rv��R'w� ��., y+'':. 3,� t$Flr�,r}.'�`Wr�9 ro�>�<,Y!�1?.�'. �" t1� ��r' �.� i �-� � � � ' ��,<`�,ip�sha,At }"�*,t��4�J<},�a`�, , �$ ,: - �',ia$`%� , p �. ,., . �!S{ � � � .� �. 2�(` � �; �,' ,q,� . .,. ' , . �„4�4�� ( r, �"�•�� N �ii�dt»S�{id�� H „�',� . g � p �.�.� & � � �i*" � � }Y t xA Y;.�t� 'L:"'„�*� � 4�"'"�rs� ( ......,d� �,,.� rs ,� s . � „�€�'sst�a..�tS�a? ��&frt#v>�i�t .,�...., r �s�� : � x � i� �� ..,. "4 ��.. �a #� '� 3�{ � � m�.as.a%dmm..+aa�»w, ��.. t "�r � �� ,� �� a � � �. ��.x.» ��r,r #� ' ` y � '�' �°" � t,twa�st r��' ��: � `�� 4 � � � �``" �� " ii. » �� „�a;��,,�„�...�� ;"d�.g} "�� #a� � P' �tr�sY.,Y � �,r'*�.w+ �� a'�+�,s Ft"'°"',S'�' �'�';W, �' �� }� � " �`.» F [ �� }�, ,7l.. �i; ��'`��''ax��y [ I ''.�'o �"� �m"��. .aa � � � '� ,�' � �� ( � y�aw4�+%*...�� `fi '� )f : �wt :s� i <a»� �„� � ,��"� '� �� 4 �' � " � �w�" � �s � , , � m a � � y � �, �' ! . � "+ .. �,°Y . �m r} "'�� cz . ;r.a,��„� q�� . 1._ �___. _,� �., _.a � ..�� w....�...._ ��,.�_,�??s�.�. .,�A��s r �.,,�,.._.�«�,��, _ __ _��.._� .__,:_. _.w _._. ?°--_ Fi�crr� 9, �r�t�d�trr�d se��ri��pe�d caff�r��y�h�r�ter ir� �7eddir��C��eerrr��r��.�7} Charter also offers e��e It�t�r�� service te+ business customers using fiber-to-the-end-user technology, Fig�are �:Ck shows speeds�ffered kiy�harter-Bt�siness in Redding (December 2017). Charter- Business�ffers service vtiith speeds v�rying from 2�-��(light-green areas) Mbps to speeds of 2 Gbps(black areas) in�i�ny scattered loc�itit�ns thr��k�out the city.� .�� — -� a:s;; *,��„� �,.�� a � '..� 2 �„QA �.. �, Cirsrieai;�rosroanat�r�rn�unsr„#rar, �� e� �.^"_2 Gbµ� . � �.�,�,��.,w� �z.r�..n$�a3...iStt f � ��. �� a-4d'xbD��2�kWs � ��. ,,,i �e`x � �� x�_5D#��bps+<i$S�p4 . l # +a�:,� � ��-#Att d#Eaps=�,.Si10 A4hps��. � �� .^� °� =�;�lsps<10dt A9t�� ,'�. � �� ;s I51�YrPe`•=.��e kgteyra . � [ {LL�.. ,.�•,?'� �,4 # �s_3ta 7Nbps<25 ASDdts�.: '�`. . � 5 3� >>6�bPs x 4q A9bps. D 5 � �. r"4 ""by„"a �`$' �».,»» � �s�' 3��a<6 h9� �� , � �*�«s. �.�a�w��E � � �'�. >�3�Spx�.��k�ps % � >-2QfY!€Lrp��9�0pa.. ,s,�+'"m� ' � �; ..A�+w� � .: ��us� � � � �; tz�� y :�;° '`�� -,�: ` �,�„ �� r �,°,„�.. � ��,�_�� ,.t � ��, � � � �� ,�.�� »��<�. "�� ..�,.! �� ..,�ra��y�-'� h .<��n.� ;„ 3 � �:t, }�'t,>� i tiri..},5.� @ „x}@�,i`.�@rii � �� „� � , � � u � � '� �"��.�.,.,� � �"'�� #��Ee��r�� r, � �° Z � �; , az �" t'� ,..,�•^�x<�. �; �w ��„„ �� ;�r:v� � �� t �tar{,z+�r�,r � �� _...w� �"� � a�, � �� ,� tvt�tt�€aJ�'� �� ,"� � � q .�r � ,,�. �:.;s` } � � r� �� ,�,.,�<t,A�»s � � � i � r � � 3 ' � � � ��,�� , � �°��"��r��`� � �� t � .;�'"w�t��' �� **�: �••� l ��° � � � �� ' �� i �� ` � � �" "h � � �.�w. ..,��° ��°,�� a �� ; � �,��„e '° �'� �� a�,a,� i „ �^ � � � �a53 o �„��„� 4 � � ,,�� ,�w, "� � I �.. ��, �� x� A�q� � ,�,� � � �..; �w � a ( i. � �� , �` , �: s �, . ____ _ _.�_.___w��""�.� _ __w�.�. � ... ._._��„w�_ o�---- _s_c��.�,_ �,�$a�.._.�:__ Fi�ur�1C1. �6acrrt�r`s b�r��ss c�9ass k��sr�c�bcrr�r�ser��r��er��e�r� th��i�y��ddir��(�1ee��a�b�r�C?1�} Com-pair Services � �:�� C�im�pair o�f�rs i� a wirel�ss service prt�uic�er �F�at concentrates on supplying rural parts of Northerr�C�lifornia with 1�rt��dband s�rrrice.Com-pait ��rves only a small area in the northeast of Redding (Figure 11}u�+ith advertised sp�eds rangir��from 10-25 Mbps (light-green areas). �:� � 1 £ 1 � � ��:'� � �. J`.� � �.sm:r..vww �w.0 � � 1:93"lY�o-�ky'&YtY§iW'93 � ^ " t J" � ■�=a��ra,� ',a, , � � �� '� �' .w.��. � �4 G �a Gb�aea ��.�.„a` ; ,,. .�.»�,.�� 'a >=StadY At@Ytl�"s<i#�izpa "^�°° �� a—96IX�Y3aP��"6�496y�. „ . . �>,.$ w'�� t—SO�bps�<ifl��1�Ps i � � � �� 7_z�s��c+s��sa��s� , ,,,� E� � �'" .s v ;2#�Msra��.,..2�att�as �" �. � �a � �, ��.> . ,„ti,.M.,o >" . �-6�9itp��10�hgs .,.r:�°^y �F^ m ,, .. �, � ' "� � s a � �� 3�bg�<6�� ,�,�x�v � u `�rr � w n ,� t r�+�+��a�raps �,� `�� „ ' � z��r�� a $� ,.x,v� .,�� $� ��.:� �� $u:...w� �: Y v+ n fri 7�. "�k 3`',w"' I .�y'"�"�'�" rr"�,. }a � �� I�s�?,.`i�.r i.� �. Y�� '��.�� : ..o � .��;. �`r�' k� � °�,.,�w--0 � „� �, �u 4 ,� �k��~ � I .' � "U " +`�.,5 ,iF, o-� � '� � yp� ��B. �..� "n*r,tt.lf'4r:< � � � & ..�� 'd�. a«e**+�.w;.,.F.�,'�.,� ; �. �p� �� ` u�v �_ � �„.�kr,x„k�,�, �� n� ,au''x �mo j � � � �a, ' �„�� { � , �� r.,,.�,u� �.� � �� x� � k� -�,.�e�;rr �,*„ .� �..a.� `m,„.� ' � � � , � n ...,��,��A.�. .„ �. ' , � � ' *wa �: � ,, �,. � y t ,, ,,� ., . I � ..�� . �. �*� �.,�`.� � � ; d P� `w�„ -,� "'� °�i3 r� 3a x ,px,, � i �' �'�'� %� n��*�r �� `�� .. ,r,�, , "z�.. ,�w. l._-____�_�. .�_ ��"'�„�` ��a��-�� _..�._ w,�_�.� �.� , F�gc�r�.1.1. �rer��b�r�c�ser�i��,s��ed�f��r��by�°�rrr-�c�ir ir��ddrrag (L��rnber 2C?2�} Digital Path L�igit�l Path is a�itireless serui�e provid�r��serves both business and residential customers in centraC �rtd Northern Cal"r�c�rnia. Digi��l Path provides service to several scattered areas throughout Redding�Fi��re 12)with adverti��d spe�l��f 10-25 Mbps (light-green areas). t��' N��a��L.� y � r ' �rgza�+.�a�s;v�,�. ' ��.�,�t Gbp:e�. � `s r ��a-9G1*grs�2�trps ,,.,.. . ��r ,S r=S4gJ Mbjis^-1 G�vps �_=i€��Slij�s e S�Pt�t�4bp5��. �=��3 h@b�a.�twb4G A4b6+s : w��,,, � , . . , , r�25 A,$p}p}s.K vdd�,$b6k"3 � � .., . . �..' :.' a�."3➢�6}�.a25�RYsps � �a fi�4�ixs i 16 PAR��ra �e,...,� (`�j 3 R4ttgs a fi Nt49s ;, , „ �. '� f , � ,,�� a s$Y�b�9'�d�A�Pf�a@ i , �� —2�34�Kb�'�<1 iRia{3� , '„ ''a� �. � ` .,'� <2�9tCrps: ��, r`' �' '� � a � � t� i y � t I � ��,. 4 t.r'(��,#s ✓,:w;� , .,,, . . ik �'t '3eax3x�p � �' �, � � / X� '� ,{W .,,� � �� .1 b �`.� �h � 4 1 � M �u �� tt�St?.,�. t I � � ts�%. ..,�Y _.,..,a..�..., .....z,. ,..........._......�.. Flga�r�1�, �rocz�b�t�d s�rvic��sp��d c�ff�r�°��i��igi��l f�crth ii� ��r�c�ir��(��rr�be�r 2�17�. EarthLink Busin�ss Ear't�iLink Bus�ri�ss:is a bu��c�ss-class-on7�r brc�adband service provider that uses a combination of asymmetr'ie xDSL and othere�pper wir�line.EarthLin�C�erves only a small area in the southeast of Redding (Figure 13}uvith advertised sp��t�s rangingfrom 1-3 Mbps (light-brown areasj. ;�:�� , � �� , n—�, � � �,� # � � ;.� � �a.� ' �, . «.E., � �° *y ��4:hLlra}.�tr�k65a��r�,LCf`. �.t � ,�:.«-..� � s. �''=2�� m,..�• � � � �"' ., a...6 dab�a 2 G4sp� ��n� ' � v I # � �. n""" i`. �=.i+SP4Y 2ACrg�d t t"3Pi�ss ' ' r 9�...,,. �w^. ,. � �� ,.u� � ��`�� >—ft#O�b�v�+tSYJ[Y�,65t� �� ,,.�. `� "Y�¢g t" ^Sfl}kAN�(�,a s:iU#E�i� � , ��' k �t, ti ,�_` �'=�S�YrUsa.S�dmlb�a . �" �s��.�+€ �.�w�o � r �. >*16 A9#Pa e�5 A9bEss ••�.,�. @ �—�,ASbps t FD A4ta(� �.wf�.u. .�," � 4 � ,. �'��'r�s_3 4Af+gas��fi�BtvVs % a�y �� .,p a � $ h' ,•� =1A96q,s<^�#kbpas � � � ��, >�2�q pCkroF��1 kAkF� 7 � '�^""'8 � � v 3�K9s�a� � � ,w��a� � �i.. .z t�,;<< .r� �'. `'�,� �..,�, �. .3 i �w.� .�� .,r.: ��.c, � ��, �+ i ��,��w�u�� tt � � �.7 ..c.P„ � � ��w�,� ,��;ti>� � � �'.�� , ;�P*M.,,.�...,�. . x��,� t � ��F, � � I �'� �_. �`� � ` ��,° � � ��` � �� .� � �, �� s ,a�,. � �� , � `� � �a'� �� w�.�:�.�. � � �� '� � � s� �� ,� ��' � � 3 �� ,�, � � � '� �.� ��* � � �� . �,.�,s«da .,�� «;��' � ��;� i �� i �.�:w� .,�* � � m,�m �. �� i � .,�.� � �� ar��. � ��.' ��, � i �� . . �,,, �� t rs .N��.�t " �� r S � �. ��" w�.. �`',�. �, .�.r � i �� `'�„„ w, , "'�: "�' �, � � ��,� �� a:�.� �', �, _. � �____.� �_�_�.._ ____�. . . Figcr��2.�, �rc�adbc��d��rvi�e s�i��`ca�f�r��b�r�`r�rtfrLirrk�crsira�ss it� �ee�dfn�(C?ec�err�b�°r.2C�1?�. Geolinks ��€��I�r�ks is��a k��`u��lband�s�rvice provid�r�that [�ses a terrestrial fixed wireless �echnology to provide b�`c�adband service t�i its custt�.rners. Geolinks serves only two small areas central Redding (Figure 14)with at�v�rtised speeds ran�ir�g from �.-2 Gbps(purple areas). ;�<�`� � � �' �" c«��:�� f ■>..��:�,� �_t�<�c,�srs ; �. „� ��ua��ro c�,p� z ��-�mna�a��=sa�na�� `"� � ��ram�s«mzr��s�� ``� � ;'� -xs as�yr��sa a�� >_��aa�,�<as�n�«� � �s ra�n��o r�s� � ��' ; ?�t� -a��r r�� I r_m�t,��<a a�t� � � �� x� �m��c�� ' � ac�xt�� g`' � '� �' � , � � �� 1 �'� r, � �ti, � a �a, rrri*::.� "�;� 7 s � � �� ,.,, . ,..o,r.. .. r u �,.. � � � 3 i � � � �Hut a J r� '} ' y � a, t � t � � � S � I y� ,E•'�' f {�:F4 i,a. ' • 4`�,:: ` .,. , .� r„. , i �' '< •"_ � 2 �, .' l tf,;YS.sr, � 4 rt n,� �tgcar�1�t, ��-c��s�bcr�tt�s�r�ri��d r��er�:�y�t��taBitaks ir� R�t�c�ira��C��cerrab�r��17), Level 3 Communications L�ir�13 is a busir��ss-class-t�r►ly broadba�i�#��rvic��rovider that uses fiber-optic and other copper wirelin��chnologies. �ev�l��erves t�rtly a small are��ntral Redding(Figure 15)with advertised speeds of 2 Gbps�E��ack areas). t�� re ;a,,.� ; �, �n,...e '& S�� ;) a r � ��3 � �;� .,xLerr�9 3 � �w. p , �+-2 U�aps ��: �w�w�� ? � � � + �E GbPa<T 33.b�n , �. .. �. � ,�+v '. �, �r" �' :, ;.St7b FAbps r ti fi�b}�a �,.�:,.^`'' � a�v „ ��.�� ., d„� �y*—t�'ib Pr�rE�&x�c.544 Mlrps �,. v.� �,».� ,��.Y . ��. r=5U fi1t�Ps�.ibL 4Ckepa � � � 3,.'`-+—P5fdi4�paz5R696ps ��' �� ...;.� �� , § �-ft�h4hpsa�5h16ps �' �? � �+..�.. .� � � �` �-s�t�r��a z�s�s�s �I„ ,�'�„� �_ � s" � � ��a��<�i�� `" � en s $ � � .s�s��..�s�r�r�� r � ��`� � ,, � � ._xaa��an� ��aa� �'� � � � ��a� <z��s�v� �� i �� ' �� .ua' ,8",,� � �- �� a�� „'�� .,t,. S�a< .��,«� � � � ,�# :��",s rz.s�. � � "� is* � �, *�%� s ,,.«� %�.. ,� �s�� a.� x.. �t„ �, m' � �,.� � �� z.�� ,� �� ? � � ��b�. � �x.,�� r � �_ � ; '� � �� ,� �,� �:� u�'"� �; .�,z'� � �„��'�� ,� �� ? � � � � �� ,,�, _ � a t<� �r�� :�'yt�� ry�s Y�s�� , e�� .:� �; :�' � ,'" ta�'�°"�„ �^ .,�~ ,� � �y� �� t� � �; Ffga�r�1.5, f3t��'�r�r��'��r��c�.s��d�ff��°��by Lev�1�ira�ec�c�in�(l�e�e�rr��,ZC��7�, MCI � �� is�a busirre55-class-on�y broadband ��ruice provider. MCI serves only a small area in central Reddin��a larger area iri s�a�theas"t€tedding(Figure�6)with advertised speeds ranging from 1-3 Mbps (light-brous�i��reas)to 3-6 Mbp�'�brown area). �� C �.� .'r� tr�,y. �= �,a �•'� �,.A ��4(6 < a� :�m� 1 �t .� M,��.��bq� .. � �:�"� '� TM—i G c 2 4'ikpa .^�,_�' � ,�. ' .�� . # , . V�'" ,•—�at3�d�3a6,s<f Ghp� �.b �aW �. �� •,i°. �+-1dFt}A@bp�.�6t70 Nxhpa x � "�� =5�4 t�hp�a 16�3 tSbgta �.� *� �S � ,7 X E�t`�s'',�,>�.2�"A3ttg�sa rP�bPa � _ �� , ""`� °.�� ^�s �' e � �� ,k' ��>—9fl Rfih€ea.e�5#StrPs ��,�n �„ ,�„x a �,� ,�t'` k u � �` � —6 A9i��_�'�Y�trps � r��. �. � t 3 t w � ��s 5 h9#�r�s 6 A3kpa � ^rce� � *�n�,� 'i � ;v '"x� —Sk#ErP�m�3Rtbgre '� � f �'fIQ Kktpx�s 1�tb6� Y � � $� IiHtKb�ts .�,>, .'.4�Y � ti {"�� «...w.� �� ,.4 +€3 �� "� x �.Pt � �: f";� �,"""�� 8��:„ ,��t�:4 '�4,�,5 5 F��.� ��. i�� 3� ��. ��,� ��., �,,.w ;�z � �4 �° �� ` �.,, ;�� „ � � � � �� "'P, � €«" .��..�. � , , � �� , � � � � �� .. �� s„,� � z .�. x�g�,n�.�rn� „ �� dk r b s a�r t �� : �'�� a:�� '�:w$ tt=� � �� ,b� �� X � � ��a.«.,�� . ° � � � �� " � �s `�a �,� � n � �� , � o � .��.:a ;, .z ,� ' � �, �"�. S .,� ', ��:"�� ,�y . � ` � � � �„»^'� °, Y n. fi ',��k�;� pu��„ ti`�t �� .� � „ � � `� x. „ -y, w� , . � � �,,��. ��f��. �s a,� � _ � $ �.�� .�� ,� �� _.._i .... __�� __._�� _....� __.... .____� : _��.._..: _._._.�� _��__ _._.� ..� �_._� _.�..: _____.:.�_._ Fi�crr�1�. �r��dlac�nd s�r��€�e s�a��c�c�f�'�t�°�bg�tt�1C'1 rra t?�c�dir��(��cerr��Z�r��.Z��, NetFortris N�'t�ot`tris is � bi�siness-class�only broac�t��rtd ser�vice provider that uses toher coppwer wireline technalt��jr to provide br��rdband s�ruice in Redding. NetFortris serves only a small area in southeast Redding(Fi�ure 17)with advert��ed spe�ds ranging from 1-3 Mbps (light-brown areas). �,� � � ; � � � �.x� � � �� ; �du� �° � `?i u).,,sit n„�� ,w n � §d�ib�+s€r;�Acs�4t�as�:+sco C;a,i+ac, �. � . m €� . .ix'�a,.»,� �a�2�'V�6�n �a �" �''"4��C6i+s��Ghps � ,.J��. � ,�;q� � or �e >_;,1708Ah7rsc9GfaFs ��,.�,. ��..� „�`� '�,;`.. �'=5k4L1 p�fwgas�56Q�Tbp�f ;��`. � t, � �.� a�50��9tN3?�Ea�i$ fi �w � : .�� —3t R96P�°^5tk t#bp� �a'#. '.��, �.w�,b...�,.. � '� g >V33 Mb¢aa<��A#ps � ��..� �� `� � �` �,�n� � � a s��,��sa�€e�� t""m � � ��" ,Y¢�l`^Q 3��yy�,r F t��pa �;.'� � �� '� 5 ..� ��z,ps z 3�ta,ps � �.`�, "`� � �-z€tsr ac <1�r,ara �a� � # � ��aG . fi �, r� � ( ��s� "� �.�„ � �� ";,.,, .�m. ,.P ��,. �'"hrv6>N`Y F"''��` ( �� 4x* zxf ilw,I� '3'� ��m:.uwy""w*w�� x�y"Att. ttt.,�i.t�yf. { � �x e, �� '«��:�" �a„ "'s.,,.,� w'� �.,d� i�^ c��'sf 9 .,,,� &. :6�`� f".s' P�h�.,, ''Y � i �:eY.ua`� a �.� ��; � ��,� ��a �-.� rs ��fi �� .N �� „, . 3 x-a„�«�a,�u ,�..�. � , �, � � � � � � � . � � � � ��1v �� , �` �'� �:r �, w � � �:� .,�� ,� "` s '«, � "`"� � �' �� '''�u �� r,��:; �� .� " � ��.�" � �"°.� 7 � :� � �" �;,�iD" e � � � ,.,g��+ e�w�r ' ' �� t vxf�s.naa- �«d �� ,,.,�"� �� , R�ry,e a �; �,� 'Ab x°� �"`,� �cp.,,W °$ ...�, �� 5�.,+"" g�� "� � �. .,,. ��a",�� igc�r�1�, �rc��d��r�d s�r�ic��eec�c�f,��d:�y tV�i��c�rtris in t?�dding��?��erri�i�r��t�2�}, PAETEC Commun,ications � �� PA��C is s bu�i�iess-clas�-�nly broadbant�:service provider. PAETEC serves only a small area in southea�t{�igure 18) Redtf�ng with adu�rtised speeds ranging from SO-100 Mbps (dark green areas). �$ t � �. � 'T"' ,� — � a c� : �x,�� g . a � � ,. §,�. x .,rt„Y,a d.�^ &5""': ��` � � ��LRF�'+�usasaav+sn6c�mzw�a2�s, xi �� B � ,.�.w..,,� :'.��.Gbps ,rw >—t�GC�s�2 GS�4�� w�' � �� ...m*" � >—SJi.?R93.y�aa a T G� �:� ,,,� ,.��.�„�.,�-.eaa.� ��Z'� � �� `-`isX}�bP.a e 6AF��ivgr� a�'. ,�� .�:��<� �r�� r_Ft3 A&bPs a ff��t4�+� � "�,. ��. � i`.� `—25#Cb�«tF l4i�rps � :`� �>=.iOAF . �°u" �*y� r s�Y a �.�:� � � bps�26�9� � m�„.,a�� '� � � �� +�8�tlhps a 4di BACsi�w �y' , y3�'=�.AtA{+�e 5&4C�g�.s <�� °��.0 ,� i„,�3 e�.w.,.��. +=t.lAbOs e 3 4Pb4�. .V.,��, „" �"p � �—fiAO K.tY'{ry K$$�Ujk9 i.t �'�" �.. � t '. { e 2�t4 Kbps rt,,. ,.F�: � �.� � $�� ,�"� �a�...»� !�:� wr�� ,v aa<amh �� +�,v''..�`3 �w„.,.,-�, '"�w.��*� � �v�'i XuZ^, f n 4 q 3 v �wx:Y" ��h.� '°'.,�:x,+e..p '�� :'cG.ra:4 � �*^`� �`. . �.t'�,y P;`" w"� �' } #4W:m��" .w,: w�u ,� � �,� � v„a ,� nr,sr,r,;,,.z �µ- ��,� ° �� , �� tt�� .�w , z �. � �.xa.�,� �,� � ^�v �� ' ��,r �� ,.� � � � � � �� E � w.� � � � � � � �� .� � � � N,,� � � � ,; �+�� `�� cu.;�,� � rr "�� '�, n>hrfr,�� . ��Ky� � �� M�9�� , « � � � � � ' �� _.._._�_. __._ _. _ .___. __.__�:w _ ._ �__._ _�__ _ . ._._._.. �i�t�re 1�. �r'r��db�rtd,�eru��°�s,�ee�'��f��'��y F'��T��`i�t ��di��(t��r�b�r��t1��, U.S.TelePacific 1��,.Telepacifi�i�� busines��roadbarrt��e�r�iee�rrovider and optical carrier that offers fiber-to- the-end-�user and copper wir�line cor�r�ectivity. U.S.Te�epacific primarily serves businesses in the central Redding wi'th�a few other pa�k�ts in no�t�ern and eastern Redding. U.S. Telepacific's advertised speeds include those.ranging from 1.� I�Ibps-10 M�ips (brown and light-brown areas) to 10 Mbps-100 Mbps (green to light-gi�e�n areas. Figure 1�shows b�rsiness-class broadband service provided by U.S.Telepacific. ��r � $ �,.� � ."� '� o°";�R , �nT.k,x+, e;axw� ,� �� "�*�Pd4°v"9£f':tr 3µ4Yj} '�i �.).1',x'#i.:.4r.w 0"� �&�. .�% `d 4'>ik87S t � � � � � �� ,;� �2'�. >..A CztkRS<2�:6ga4 y*�p � e_�g�4 hCttg.s e 9 5ks#rs wn��,;� � >—{tbA BaFEtP+"•:.5i7�MAFP*,� ;�°�� k��. ��:� ^�' �..�"�� *=sG h76(as��flU#0h�'3 . •� R"� °� 2i A46Ps �b 6Ab}�s � �� : �� ,� @ �", _ �mr�x�s �se�»r�� ,.r�M '�,_ �� .*. �� r > ro A�±rqy� a�s�9k�� x � � � r � ,��*"�n��v�'&�t+ns � �_"�� " � �—s�t,ns<��ss�� y ��.� � ti � � � �`�� ; � � �� w ._z�n��;-tr�s�� nr'� �� ;« � R�� <2uo i4#�� €�� 9 � ` ;" �� ` w�»�,�z �.�� ,q �� ra,a r �^��n -k rex3'. .h �', �"�""�,.,,w ,n"'.� �� .� 5 � �'�m si�„�` �t�3 °"k`:,� : '��. °°� . ,. , �„,....: .: ...� �� g "a� � �� r�,. �` � �� "� ��" �, �� `� �� m � i,., � � a i.�#. �. �;.�.� ;��. . , ��. . . . w.,t,.�.a,v , � ,�,�, , ��. .�. :� . �„.,, n.�� # s � �i :�' `#ro�"� 4 U�€ �� fiw'� ( �r) �` � � �� ,� �� , ��. ,��a.mx � y'.r � �* ty §du% .rrY4'�M'Mf�k� +x'�. �#�w+"� $muro q� '�.w.eq � �: � �� $' u � +y � � � � ,,rrx:�,r � � � ��' � �,� � � � (. ,c•" � r�„,� �� sti a a� �� b � .;.3� �y, �w„ q�� ` %�: '� � . B �" �.r« '� ''t,,« ? "` , � .. �<.�"' �. �� _ _��r,w � ,�e .�,.� Fig�a�e 29. �rc��dba��a�s�rui�e s��r�c�,�f�r�d��r�.�, 7"efePcrcific in f��dc�rt�g �C1�c�errrb�r�2t}Z��. XO Communicatia�ns �C�,��titnmunY��iar�s is a�kict�Nness broad��i�servi�e provider and optical carrier that offers fiber- to-the-end-user and copp�r wirelin� �c�nnectivity. �C� Communications primarily serves businesses in central Ret��ng with advertis�d speeds c�f 1.5 Mbps-3 Mbps(light brown areas) and 100 Mbps-S00 Mbps (blue areas). �i�t�re 20 shows bu�ir�ess-clas�k�rpadband service provided by XO Communications. �a�,� h �� ,� � ��° �� 'fM w �. g y � �� . . �°m`[.5�`2aYY6^kYv#PtC�a`k�#FX{A'J � ,4,, '�� t � ,F��t ti � ��a� _ ' ' � �� y.�:. -,��s%z�ct+� � � .�� _�an��a��s�a�� '� � � �� ,�� >��a�<s�nr�c�� ,,� u�e��.: '}: �fi su.5�3�ibps"r96b#9#sysR 5) � � " m� §�. �,"'. .a=2�A4lri�'�5t7�kbpe ,-��" ' ��' l + *—94 61kzP�:�25�tbps � ,�'hk*� .�"�: ry � m f� " �� .r..�#'i�0bP8c,:$f85Plt$t� � �"�'" x m ', ��'-�ASb�s�S sabp� � � �� °�r� �� r ��,.�; _�a�na�� _��``"„ �.,�.. s� � �x�n _2CkD��s Adtsps �� '�� .'� �o- 26€SKbp�� .,� ,,,,�: , a: awa�:;; � r,,�.�,�rs:� � �_ �� " ��,.� �`� �°�"� �`� � �s.� .��, � „�., �:,. �u�,�� M��u, � �� .�„�� r..�=�.� � � � � � ��,;� � � ,� ik,3: �`� $ ,b �. �..µ, �£,"^�l`� �� '� . .a� «r b � � k ,� �v'a*.(y,, .".,� � ' �.d ',�� rc �;s�xia.�.. �� "��'�*' '�.:.� t « �.a,.�,.,8°" � �,� � �"� z�"`�` �w� � � ��"�F � � � � n.S��"..r � ' .:,� � ��,r�«3� ,w� �� g ;� m�+z.�'x"'Y�,.�. � �'�"', �` �� . � 9�$ ��. € "� ��*'�. �� .k:�� - �� 6 r, p� �'� �,,, �� „;,�z� �k �µ. '�a; �'�,� � ; �� '�a"'y,»�,.,."`�"� t, "i�:; � �,w . .. , . . . , .. . . : f � , �xi a� . _._�:. � _..�..�...,...._..._�. _.. __ .w�___. .�:._ _,,.. .. ___.. _.�� ....._„�._'� �W._�..i �� .�_. _...__. _ �igure�t�. ��-c�c�dbcz�d s��rr��s��e�ff�r��by�C��c�rr�a�rrt�rar`c�tf€ar��fr�f�edc�r'ra�(L?�c�rraber��?.2�). 4.1.3 M��s��c� ��t��dbar�d ��iee and C�t��lc?ad �peed Availabi(ity T�i� Ca1SPEED appCrcat�c�n is a �ar�fessional-level broadband testing tool that allows conducting performanc� ��sting of both f��ed and rnctbile broadband services. This application was developed at California Stat�CJr�iversity,Monte�-�y Bay and is used by the CPUC for measuring and validating broadband coverage from any broadband subs��iber location.CaISPEED can be downloaded from www.calspeed.org. The broadband testi�i� results ar� displayed in the user device and tnen sent to a CPUC server for displaying on the Califorr�ia Broadk��nd Interactive Map34. CaISPEED measures broadband performance parameters, such as down�Cre�r� �nd upstream speeds, latency, and jitter (see detailed definitions in Section 10: Glossary). Resul�� cif CaISPEED can be used to validate broadband service availability in a specific geographic region and update the served or unserved (slow service or no service)status. Figure 21 shows current CaISPEED results for fixed broadband services in the City of Redding.The current number of ineasurements (less than 20 points) does not allow to proper validation yet of broadband availability in the city. More measurement points would be required to assess levels of broadband availability for wireline and fixed wireless broadband providers. 34 Califarnia Public Utility Commission (CPUC). Broadband Interactive Map. http://www.braadbandmap.ca.gov/. ��:� j �'T:�=.�x�l��x�4`�t�; 1 t� i '� ..t.,;�kcFcEt1&"rx^��'S��d 6a�a.lFtv� i ;i �' ' •.��-YCa`dq,+s .. .. . i ,. �." •�'-'ffi�2r��.2 C,h¢s� ' � �t: a6p Potttdxs:`"3 fib�rs � � , �.,,,.v;; ` � ,._` ;� �g..b�4t3A�i��`5Ul�Atrpg�:.. j ��4.:.. ; �'�_��aa��a��ae�,�� "_=��aa��,,so arr�� r��._aa s�rz�=a�w�i�,�� ; � m�-sr��aps.�c,�rk,vs- ' �,2.•_2 t�bp�r�d�[Up,... i '�""` C�:rm 9 A9tita�^'��#tt�rs�. i 2'*.� w�, C,:..,�244 @Ctsp��S lJtCz�� H;y t ,. L7:s�P4 R4Es�s i, i{ �i�"� ��.r n ,t $�; s `� t l� r, a7 � � ` rere.,,1� � �, I i I � `�' `�".�,m�.a,��: �'ti+".�r,�.,, � � t i'� y i' � �' �� i: ��,.. � � t '. '�d��, 3t ��,�, i z � � x � � �� { �; a ' i ��,�; } �,; � � i7 t M t r �� n i � i r r s � ..r4W Z%', F .bJ1Cng�hti�s..:}.�k � k rc,i•�,� I � "�� i�a�r��1, C'r�1S��'�1��ixec�t��.�cal�.s�c�r t�e�'��y r��f�eddr'�a� �.� �rca��c��r�ri��s �d��€a� Fte�idential broadbar�c3 adoptic�r�;is defined as the number of consumer broadband subscriptions divided by the total number ;cif househc�lr�s within a defined geographic unit. Data about broadband subscriptions i��onfidential but t�i� CPUC d�i�es;publish a limited set of broadband adoption statistics by census tract. Figure 22 shows adap�ion rates in Redding. .,.�, � i� '�—y ��i�'a�� s3� x � �� :� �� r� � ' � 1 �. �.�,±£" Fir,.>��9�x�nd#�a�c��+tassn � � ',�ex,r e ,r� }�` k� ,z�,Nl�:� g 3i�i�°u Sise3�e—8b�5:. }"��'�.. i ti ,�' �..� =a�U�`n�TY$�'—+�0�� i � f -a��<a��,� � 44 �#�� .�� 1 ��-c+��nas�—�r�� i� `� ��-� � j'� ��° � i ��' � �r �xl� � , ,�'" �� ts �p.. �.�F �,�,,�' ,� �¢ ��Y �� , �,r� � ,,,{�,�.., �� '� �,ri�� ,�s ' � ,s,�� ,rr�..�� .tr � � uxq, ? � � � ��t�, � � � � � 4 , � �� s a , � � ' �"Y�� tsr tt s � � � � �„ �u� i � .�a n t�.t nt � "t 8n y .,h` � ,� w,. � �� 4�tY � �� . � �r,� �� 3� { n � �r t `� %� � '�s.. � � .� '�{I Y�t r.f a ,,.�t �,w .-�,:�. ,%� 7�,y�y..r �,�.}3 3 4 "`13 $ ' '"�{$� 2. � � � � �f Y �„ i{ !, J �5 ��S, � `�'S �� ( # ( ; txmrr%»,,,��.�,,,y V i'� Etk'�'�p gk&�`"�,ui` f'i ' '! f ' � g�y,a?T yt . �'J Y `�' '�}z 2{ �! t ,A ;�t}��l.� t k � fi±4 Y} JyS{t i �j' �''� ,*�'r tt$ f � } � , � �; , k�ti�.; � �r �,.�� £ dj'�4"�"�r5� � �� -�,� 1 '1? ��rz `�a��+,i,�}�`k'"^'� �' > I Y�� sti±urx.:� � }� � �� y� g t' .,�€' k° t.� # �.N`�,� P :t f '' � ;i i1 t�t i�!� �}� ` �t� r� � �tl ��?��e�� " � �}#�} �+f y '� s� �§ � #�� k# ��`sl �� `k A ; w � � � f �� .�. �}J., 'i5;ra��` ' ��i�. � rw`.. '"�}'rffi t i„ ` a G' ,Fw.,w r. ' {` G'' ��xy�, �',. �,,;�",.�. 'rcx. ' �, M�, ._, � `,,,,. . ui, + , ,"�,�,; ws . �i ms a .. :�:�6,�Y1..��v ..t� 3� , . ��,. , �'��t��°��. �r�o��bcsnr�c�dc��i��'rert�s irr tf�e G��ty csf�cddir�� Broadb�nc� adoption r�t�s r�ng�'Fri�t�'� 60 to �tt�r 80 percent throughout most of Redding, with the high�st at��ptici�i";rat�s in the"�astern edg� ciftl�e ci�y; as well as two areas in the west. Downtown Reddin��s the lowest brt��t�band ad�ption rates iri��te city, with rates between 20 and 40 percent. �.� �llic�d��,il� �er�✓�c� ��k�ili�y� This subsectit�r� presents m�t�dle-mile infrastructure available in the City of Redding area. The middle-mile segment �r�vides �►��h-speed and hign-capacity transport and transmission of data communications from an �ag�r�g�tion point (i.e., central office, cable headend or wireless switching station) to an Internet point i�f presence (POP). For a detailed description on middle-mile broadband technologies see Appendix e:Middle-,Second-and Last-Mile Broadband Technologies. Figure 23 shows the middle-mile infrastructure (fiber-optic-based backbones) in or near Redding offered by AT&T, Frontier, and Charter. AT&T, Charter, and Frontier also offer last-mile broadband services to residential subscribers in California; however, in the City of Redding, only AT&T and Charter are both a fiber-optic- backbone carriers and residential ISPs; Frontier does not have a residential service in the city. It is important to note that fiber-optic carriers usually do not provide or report information of their fiber-optic routes.The route information presented in this subsection was collected over the past few years from unofficial discussions with ISP's personnel and local government staff with knowledge of :�:� fiber-optic deployments in the county.The Geographical Information Center(GIC) is currently working with ISPs and the CPUC to update and validate fiber-optic routes in rural Northern California. %' jKf 73 ,s,tt: {�! ltsls� t'�" sr t ��. - ��`cYUS � 3}�4! i �t tt5 t 3{ t �c � � s'. X s t l t, rm%�'*`'S �"»�",�"r }� k5 �t itt i � }4tt t r s �. ?�€�s .,1' ti �t i�ir��, � � t a tire�t t f �` � t s � �ta s� � ��,q; s�,�' js{r�,�t��k�s,3k�':��,�� #i Y �'''}L�u i �', t��st£ � sr n r '��`i , �� 4 � t 4��ty r�7a� q�i�'{'� ,c�'f��r}s%'t i �r$XS�t �.; �#��$s j t 4 $�"' t ; 7 t f�.7 .{ ��'' 1 r�sr{;�7 t y�a Js r S�'3� � # f r� '1 4 � � �b 37 e � ,t�� 9 +�t � �: J�. 1�g�>.a '3�4��r . ��k�isS,y; �is4� �afi� ...d � ! f � if � t f #t �� 7 ts �{ �i sJ t7 t �t��'��'� '^��.�,�4�',�9''� ..�5 y`i?'g ��SY �J��4��q?. }�� t {c�j� 4� t ��y � �yt sr {t �t�1S. ,r� i7 r ��' � �� i'�. i }�ir P}& i� 4 ' � s �.St f 7 tt {+' t s .. � .{3'`%;�5�`�'��'t�"� ��,z.��,�a, '��'s�' u ��1��{ z�r 21�2;� tt In s u��k f `t43��.LS�41Y}kit�t�y��i ��,2� � k4.:. J�±.4�t,� ..�t y.r .s4 tj� �{t��'�i ��lt�.I;}�tf�}S��j��}i,r S��t��U t{t�,. i j�:;yi}s�t�fi t�t� `k� r� '�t ,t�,<r } �it �s�<tt t � f�k"[�t�}t}�1�� a}� r�t. i 3 cy y e�$R } tht }��Y��r��S#�}t#\i�� }��l'a��{��{��i��f}k}��i�4 t'/,'�{, fi s 4 ° ��Ck"r'�'��a 5j�'�}��f�,f# .y,'�t S t i c � . rr �t44 l{ �� SVt t� ��ts�� >"}' �J�1 t � �, � � l�is� Stt it i >;��s}�} '�4�} �l7" ri ; z f � t��t t tr(i,., {i's��ttt 4 �S�S� ' 3t�tf�iz t'� ,�,c �fit�,�M . ts,;,t Ss�{t a k t.� i x rr.t r.,t s. :. � � # �tsr r�rs�t rY�s k� ,tq} � ��# � �ts ° r.�,f 3 � �sf��},� J3 � {�k p� FY � � �( ( `: ,i, � `#�itr� > a � rl r' t �s 1 p }i tl 1 r�f) �t � Y tt Yi#1 f4 d { { EJ fJEF ��4;4 1$�i y ��:��t�l7 %� # ��. .s;�� xY Y r f t�'..� 3 � �t Ir�y�ft{V�i,k t k� f )�3}t� t'4; i �t� �4(22i 2�, . .�,` �. €�t t s�'`�s;y�r��j t Z,v��' �;��3�z t ti{l�tjyk�'fi 7�45'��i��{2S t9a�'� a� 1 �}E4t� t 1 }S � i4, t��'t�?�s$ t� 4�t�� ' �i��aS'}3� t4'f, i ;�it� ��t�}i}Ey{i t�$� lr fz t�fSt t�3r l f }yr�4�yi a t li , yi��{t ��'��}.�.��)f�JS`��. � �.�a1#7 � ';�`,}{; �}Sr�'{�url}'�j4ti Ail rt s � + } .:� #f��rrs. 4 � �� }#s ti�t4��4{ '�,2}��}t, �Y{i��t�Y+'��'� „`�j�r � r,,-. i�4?^`�m�s�r}f"�`��.�5�7�; . f�4:z��y tf q:1;�ft$ 4 t}yt}.::�,s�}{t}! E 4.4t {st{��yt;fi�f4k11tsF :�a �14' fjj71�h}�`trt ��..,ti,. A��d'.�,��iti S� {��,��t� :i�� ! ��i s f��st�m�t}tc t t,} '7��:�#r� a rrt� 34P r c . ,�rh,,i.,,, : 45��,��4 4��i{ � }� ��tu z E��} � ��}' I�`� ` �:r�`��r � i�'`rt t�t�{�� 'j� � ' tt��t tl�s�r s �?� tt 5 � t � t ;i,�E��r 33G��f��j��t�� tk , Sst £�t r 53�a4 r #$I t R} '�t F tt a i��y��,� t tt rf � s t r t �z rt 4i�� `�t��£��!.� �7t#}j s#frr�}f�i a,� t�;ti rS�,�k�t �t3��is s$�f� i S{t3jt�{f3;tlttttt'�4s c7$ � t }S t #}t�7�,; ` ��# ji�� j tk �Yi�rt f�: c� r{i��1 `� �y�} ,� �11I fi't��t��g��i 4 a y� t ��2 3 tg i 1 � �, y'�tr�ir }r� }$ t kt r st � `t ;a f {� `� rU z v } I .�1 � t it t f tf r { Z} ��. v�' �� {r s c .sV } k �� if i � Jktt °£�f� f y c{s� 4 �� a t i S s � s � t �S's �tt t - i ?��{fitt� fr t :t 7 r 4 5� '� �{1��`��4 � 4t#��'S�� s�N��,�> "`� 1 ��} G i , sk#7 Z�t 't��7}" �r s�t 3} � � rt a��r� t;t t;tr�C41tfi � �, i £ i s 4 �S �C �hS�} {I� tk x4 � �'� } t Y t S � �ttif��ft�{��e��ft{ ift��3�{� ��. r �kSi;�ik? L �"�t $ � ��'3 3�`$ ��i4 ': � � �} � t�; i 4 i��E:}i�g -:i s.yt��ir�7s . .t �, }Er�i }{� k-7 � �,�¢��?z r: }t � fr7�t i : � } �� ;�7��qt�t�,�t� S t�${{�eS � �i��i# � tsj .." �SY '�#�°s�t��' S�t%5�7"t�V'iyt�f}i'�x�� i�s ,. i: a 5 it�..s a ' rij�t� }s t 3,': . # 1s 7ls {r �t � �4 � s ��?r,� 5}, r t � ��t$ t?�� #�� f � 4 s h, �{:# Iz{ ` m�a�`� r r�s`41i��44 }a �"?�,t t#�;��5��Z ,��f �' /�F�6s� �� tES : ;?�� 7r `'£ � �t � �,x S j'�S� c} t }t {x f�`{ } 3iy,} tri�,'lry�3��+'fif.t ,L�+s�j{ t� 7t}1��t'��,,y.f}yj f,��.. t��}i�,� 1 �. � '# g� 4f � �; r}3 ;Yj }t $ i��t{l� � � t i� Yt�.}i�f;q� l'tl�4jFIi�G��,t `�,�t,��{lT ��ri�Zy�Y�`��Y�I 4 S �1 � (}{��{�i?�{k }1gC S 3. L : {t LF J 4' ! ��SSSS�it2 { f�IJt�4,' �5 ' + 8f r!� tsrc � � s� �y ,3 r t)r t t . 3� r�(��7{tf�;f t ,jt{r�7t {!;rf�:.�Ft � Xr l;�ii� h.�F �� }1� 1 4t4 iL Y��`t��t 31 bif t { f".� { t� t �1i li � tf� � ,3ir iSi#3}�1XS '��i � . �1 s��:�-' `� �s� - r 3}5 �,�t��y��t 4 t 4 r�t�� s � ''�i�<, Y� a�s��`� ,% c��;�ll��j�F�Z�f�� y� �,� 4�st� }„,i �k�3�� t4,t}rl�ti 4x� {s�� i s�{r '� � ��}�kiil �� i t ,.,c` ,f 2 }� Es*�tl�tt rr){ ��ySi3 !t i f yJ i�.Iyl 4 4 y::� lt£ $ tt{ } ',�4 ��1 �i �s r � � i4 4 ? � t�st ; 'r� ,4�k�� `�'`7t#�t}t � i#�`"�s�j��t��§zf �st4 r� � r'�� 4 ' . � ; ...t � ' ' {J !"t ��'jj�{r �f I�l:�s�t i 4��f�i��?��t�s n��I }3 st{� � t 'ji�t#ftl£t}�4,��t��>�"a�7�� , it��}yJi �#�� i � 5ct?} ��£}f�sti t 4(r: i�� z y y � � ijf�lti#uj2z`�tr �f l{ � 1� {� 7tt � i { r �;,; �,��'t�'i3 4 3'� #{ i� ti141n;fr b7Stl�;j��fi 5{t �} , ) : �A � } �7�a{i �4 �S�*y 1 4j;Y jr Ji�t� t� i '' i? �.��4;'��{!.�„kt�^'w��,`S tt!t�Yt;f��h';,�"��s�+��. u�,{htu r;� 7'�1F3z,�z��k s4 r � � ,�;£ s4 r t t � '`t r "�sl�;iJ �t7S�' �' � a'�k`" t� '� � iE�� r�`�� it . `ilil `�{ ix#y tt`�t #t�sJt� t JJsz� ' is �� E {sxi�e t)�r"�t � ;�,�1� 1 r� �J}r 'attt�. t �J� k $t�#s �;i �:; r��l?�r'�f� t�*;,�"ty 'i'.` { i t 1 r � 43 � t 1�4ur;s� t'k4f ��, £�rii tit k t �k „� t � ::'t� 5 $� �S'r rh.�#r � t t t ��r t� }tr �itt1 �J z i k't �y„�4�' i t t `�i I4. t: r 4 tt{ t s . } � f+ttS};r S'�( �ci�(t2 �'' Y�� w9t"'1 i rttr�� i} � � � z , � t� �c 4 i€lj t}}7 s�;�t + �s��s� j#� a+} t {f �trA z � }� ;�st r � t f Yt�r(�� 7P �3 ��t � t=' r t � Y i � t, t {�s � t> "��t?� � t� �� { � , ��Y�� ,�r�'j ��t� ' t s� ,j�x��t4 r,`� �n,}��,�5?�,�} � rtt{Y�7 f�"t�r s� �it}# K ' N ,,,.,.� f t 1} !�'� � sS�� i si SY�{t'�i��t��tV 4 S 'i e f ;'`�� t , ftzdts`�i74�t tYs " � }�zta r �t tJ iy{,,�,� r�., .r�t r � �t�s i�tt „# ri��t��,�EaYr �' t�',�� k ta r ` � i t: r�,f t��'�t{��tJt s t t t� q {t } %3,}� 1 �'�j�fi�# 4 #`�x tF7�� f Yr�k��,��i,�}��r„+s�. �Y .t��7�� tt `�its S�� jt { i '� zl {�i4� i�z�j{�� r: �,�i#��it �t $ {l� '� � �,�P� �£i�{ i }�4�x'`��{� y S j S � >.� �{ ��S �,'��`�y��'�� t t�;zxj��n��k��i#��}J4St��;� �i�h`.�i�k,a�2 r ''3'';��i� ��'itt�J{71 3�{{ i� �. � 4;.}� 7}sG t if.; ,.�� , ; �ttfit i ,t y :�t{..} ' } �-: �r�'tr`r '#��is�� }i�yi�}�;��s f��£i��,�r,'��£t��r� is��k� �%srr{i jd'S { � �l �£t�s�t�� f ; } �r{ k i�< h�#'�s�¢vX� u��£tP,.n,} ��'��S}i��,tu��t �!��z��,��'. �c t4 � c i �x�#� �� Y� ; � ;t� �r�tt �r$y��t�y J{ ��`C��1tb5�it?r?��!}��'�� t��'`'�'�`� �;t ��tZ1�i 4 L2n`�a�$�`�yv }}zi f �$ q�#�f t �. 7��'""�'� { t �i R tr�� 74�$ ` ! t �tSt �{lt X}t�t�t � t . �f��}t,,;i# "'ft�11�}i.7>�s{' l�#''z � �{`b��3sf �}j+��{#�t� � a �tt�,S�st4 ;�y.t��tt ;�f � �`��'tii�fl� fY r�{ 4 541 St{}�3) }�t}. ��"y�� .� ,ats, �t, Y�'3t'��t3��t�j{�,��&%vS�tr��`��z��"�I�s . ;Y� ��x�.�F3��s5�2tE�jf ,. r rf �4,� �t � ;{t1 � f rk1;�; ,?ji�4tjtE�#it�rrt�';,. t{�r��i�{�'�� af°,y�#`�„:?�''��G�+3��'�,�#�?i�t`�t�1u}�'�,'�€�fi�#i?Jt�'1��k�, ��„ str ,�r}��,tt�}l�i�k�; �fYc�$��+JS�X€a'� Sr �,� ;�`�� } �,t t t� � f�{;�S�t it}�� t r�c, t�ri F;�r��{�r f 3 11;,k yr li�rl§ws � )i i6}{{s� �R ci � {i y ti:: s z t tst y s� � ' i: r�,�v��E�rt��r��(f�1�{�:f$irr`;��%��i �,��'��. �� l�h� }� � r�'��7l3�tS�t� ( '�,r . ,� z�� eys�tl 1��'t1� � {� y;34, rt, r,{;�f�x��t ��yr� � ` t: � ' � ,Y # � f ��'�kf��§ �g.it �i�t s�' �j4; `�!}F rY`� s!� ..��S{{��t� �j}� .� -, }! z � �na £ t I��tf�rkr J��I�t)SS��! t �$Y��w,��s$t{„s �t P l f�, S11i�{}��r1il f��11��I ,Jts 'fk� y � a t r�i{ � t t kt� y i {ic�i�� 1 �'I!��t�'t 1/J�}fl�t+rtY�x��{4�s P 3L4'.� ' ' ` � § ��. }t�y } ; t3,"� f � l��i s 1� �7}{ 11 hi iy{t { i.. �ttfJ r�t �}��lJ��f d4St � aI .itcr�,.'trr � �� e�tt t t7.��' �n i' i� {�.}��t��rr�rl�) }�tt � ��'}.��ks��c�f�.{ sr �� ! 7 �slj�s � }f�'�1p,�t#�tz '`r5 ii t�. y 2:ii"4r 2 � �` ikt3F��io� 3�i�.� t x1�'„ � c} 1,{$ � ��'"t6?�ea4{:�s� :�� ;,! t :}4pS lt t# t '� � s k}�C��r,�S r �.. 171 k�d;t��q�1`�r{,�,��.�y t�4��> � ��l;e}}lr��l ttF��&y 1��k}t 4t � t 4�tJ�f � �£jf �Jth��u"��;� $xf�r -, c �Sr � �� jf y}:S�ij��2 t{ 'ijs`p�fh�{§S ul� s y�E4,."4 i �#k ir� � k � �3�� t. �i�t i s��1� }}t l t�5��{}� 4 � i #$ F 4 �f ��.��r ti�u7i�}�Stt t;�tt43)'��t� �st'�t t ��S,�jt�� eu}�t �fR�%��t'`i�`�t} ��i:, r t i�t2f<�zt it Itt f�s �ip{�`� t$ �k ` y � t t li i ttlt�Yt;�{�( l 1 r.t tt s��'�ss#{Y i'��.��'n� t�tt(r�t �{ �: {i��' )if�{n � s��kt a s: >f �' � }c� tt,tt { 2lr c nl t s � 2 ��}t{ifi}I{ �., }{�.� Yit E �r' `4,� � 4 T'"J��";�'�Y. ��FI{7�S y lt. J,sf{r�i ,t J24�?; �jt ?;{3 # s �y t� tYtt�s`{u'1�r�r?�'`�tS�zflf ya;s '�t�tt"�# t {f% :�J:, �s;�;�f�fi��'f:. t�" `'j�r"�j4t� 4 �i�3� } �,i:r.�s tr,Et,. t�"3� / �4� �t�, rs ,.tt� l,�t }j ��4 i t� �i ff � S r`� iStr e skt� . 44c: rti}1�Y{t}��`��ft�� . ��,. t ��ylht�k`h�41(, U�i i�tp�� sJ�i��t fif��l . z t '{ �it�,r j�,::zl��si i }7 :� {1 �{ ��'�, #( s7 '�� t�}'�1� 4t rti tf� � at�> 4{tt3 � � {�;; ' a �;SS�t f tr,t, t{`L*t;7 53 ��i { � � �. ) t ttt��#t�i � �'7 �. r rJ .,,x � t �i�' }a 1 �t1� tl r�r�S:� r rit � r t} r � e }tt {� : r {�� 4 � }�G > tur� ti ��' �, s j t j¢. rzy g #c ,' � � rt �� i�F d l� ��,jz tti t G �3s# 4,+�� x�F4{3�£�r�r��E�`3{�Y}��7 i.�"'� 5 � rU�` v 1 � ��' Z�+�f � `�4Y 3gr€�t4tU;lr ; r 3 "�� `v'S Si��;�5:a�$ ��t�t ,) }t�;� : S tf � f �t �`f ?t}}!`2 � A f l .�'.StdPl��`�� '� ��F'�l�'�� s*�: {7?j i }k � , i tf t�`� t z at) �t{ �f'��s w ;' t �s �Y t�;� � �x r� � �7� i.s�Sts t �F !� �ti x. ri�{'}§S t r s�# ��r ti'� � . ��:,t t,: �5 ��' �,`� t ��'.��.3�,.��.�u N�}��l��,s`�:,'H"°�Y��..��.,4z��b��,d, �5�,�� , ff.s7n��+�s'i;n';�,5�{a;. ,. ..�,Tzd�,��iSft� ��aat��;. . �.`s-a% .t,>r <, � ,.,. ,.v � .na+£,�„<t,w.r.�. Fic�c�r��,��1��t�-��1�ir��r�c�str�r��car��ir� th�C'i�y c��f��fe�ira�c�ree� ��=� �a �r�.��c�k��c� Ir�fr�st��t��r� �J��r�c�� f��rr�r��c��ti�r�� o� ��c��- as°�� _�s�-�i6� ��t�u�ark ��p�d� �pti��i� 5.2.1 Fibe�-to-the-Norr�e {F�TN) �etwork D�sigr� . The Downtown Redding Internet Utility (�i�t��) Whitepaper35 states ��i�t the City of Redding is considering a proposal to research,develop,and poteritially implement a new fi�er�r�ternet utility service. This initial service would be offered in the downtown ar�a of Rec��iri�and serve as a pilot phase for both residential and commercial customers�:;"��i��oal of the new:c�t�IJtjr is to spur economic clevelopment, help revitalize the downtown area, and ma1��-t#�e �ity more cornp�titive and marketable. This whitepaper highlights the uniquely advantage of Reddi��to p�iuide this serv�c�by owning the existing infrastructure through the city-owned Redding Electric Utili�j�(REU): Based on the curret�� rii�tiband service:cove�� and r�taximum service speeds in the City of Redding, from 100 Mk��s to less tl�an 500 Mbps �Ch�rt�r), this re�acirt supports that the next step for upgrading broadband servic� is deplo�ti�g a fiber-o�t�c network to provide gigabit services for residential, business, and industrial custc�rr�ers a�td cc�mmunity ain�hor institutions. This subsection presents a high- level technic��c��sigr�assessmen�fc�r t�re pr�pc�sed fiber�ervice in the Downtown Redding pilot area. Fc�r�he design �f��i�fiber-e��t(�network�r�s�nted in this subsection,the analysis uses technical guidelin�� and recommencia�ic�ns frorr� �ndustry and academic papers,36,3',3s standard telecom industry infrastruct�re ; and deployrr�e�� metl�crds,39,4o and manufacturer equipment descriptions and configurations,��among other scictrces.Th��'rain elements of the network are the following: • Access Nod� {�ore site c�r �entral exchange): The access node houses all active fiber-optic transmission �t�taipment, m�nages all fiber terminations, and facilitates the interconnection between the inc�mirtg�ptical fibers and active equipment. For equipment installation, it indudes optical distribution fi��tr��s, cable guiding system, uninterrupted power supply, dimate control, 3s City of Redding Council(2017). Regular Meeting December 19,2017,Agenda Packet(pp739-744). http://reddingcityca.iqm2.com/Citizens/FileOpen.aspx?Type=1&ID=2466&Inline=True. 36 Federal Communications Commission(FCC). (2010,April).Tne Broadband Availability Gap-OBI Technical Paper N0.1. Retrieved from https://transition.fcc.gov/national-broadband-plan/broadband-availability-gap-paper.pdf 37 Chatzi,S., Lazaro,J., Prat,J.,&Tomkos, I.(2013).A Techno-Economic Study on the Outside Plant Cost of Current and Next-Generation Fiber-to-the-X Deployments.Fiber and lntegrated Optics,32(1), 12--27. d o i:10.1080/0146803 0.2012.754070 38 Rokkas,T.(2015).Techno-economic analysis of PON architectures for FTTH deployments:Comparison between GPON,XGPON and NG-PON2 for a Greenfield operator.2015 Conference of Tetecommunication, Media and tnternet Techno-Economics(CTTE). Munich:Germany. 39 Fibre to the Home Council Europe-Network Infrastructure Committee. (2007). FTTH Infrastructure Components and Deployment Methods. FTTH Council Europe. 4o Fibre to the Home Council Europe-D&O Committee. (2016).FTTH Handbook-Edition 7. Retrieved from Fibre to the Home Council Europe-Resources: http://www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/Publications/FTTH_Handbook_V7.pdf 41 Corning.Communication Networks. Retrieved from Corning: http://www.corni ng.com/worldwide/en/prod ucts/commu n ication-networks/prod ucts.html 42 Huber+Suhner. Fiber To The Home. Retrieved from Huber+Suhner Fiber To The Home: http://fibertothehome.hubersuhner.com/en/ � :�� and access node security. In the case of in passive optical networks (PON), each access node can serve up to a maximum of 100,000 users. • Primary Fiber Concentration Point(PFCP)(distribution site or local exchange): PFCPs are located closer to the subscribers and aggregate traffic from SFCP.They can be located in underground or pole-mounted cable-joint closures or street cabinets. In the case of PON, handholes or manholes may house splitters(passive elements)and branching boxes,and in the case of Ethernet,cabinets may house switches and active electronics (active elements). • Secondary Fiber Concentration Point (SFCP) (fiber distribu#ion cabinets or outdoor cabinets): Each cabinet serves a single service area with 600 to 1,00(}p�ssings per service area. SFCPs are optimal or strategic points that enable drop cabling tc�'=k�e split out as close as possible to subscribers. They can be located in underground or�tc��r�c�unted cable joint closures, or small street pedestal structures. SFCPs house splitters ar�t��'-bran�h�s that help to disjoin drop cables (in the case of PONs)or active electronics(in tl��ase of Etherr��}. • Fiber Optic Feeder Cabling: This cabling r�tras,from access nodes �� PFCPs and uses 10/40/100 Gbps core links (432 or 288 strands) over t�i�r�rse paths (for PON or E�h�rnet) using underground or aerial deployment. For underground deplt�yrnent, digging and laying et��tduit are required; for aerial deployment, pole make-ready is requireti.�;�� • Fiber Optic Distribution Cabling;:This cabling runs fir��rr P�CPs further into the rietwork including redundant links, and consists o�mec�iu,m-sized fiber ct�ta�ts (48-192) using underground or aerial deployments. For underground d��aloyr�i�r►t,,digging ari�l laying conduit are required; for aerial deployment, pole make-ready is reqc��red. • Subscriber Tap: Fiber�t�pt,ic housing Iti�ated in t��.r'ight-of-w�j�,near to the customer premises. The subscriber t�p��rt ki�irt�talled on a pole orit�tcl�r��'�r�nd. • Drop Cabling:T�i�cabling rur��,from tap`s�'tra res�ii�ences or�iaildings (maximum of 0.3 miles) and consist of 1 or 2 fiber cables tasing under�round or aerial deployment. In the case of aerial deployment, drop�ak��ing mu�t;`withstand en�irQnmental conditions using armored cables. • Optic�l i�l��uuc�rk Unit��CI�:A�tiv��c�uipmen�it�stalled on tne premises of subscribers. F�g�re 24 shows a Fiber-to�tFte-Home (F1`7'H}"configuration diagram and a subset of the main network�I�ments describet��k�c�ve. �_��. � .a k c��e�� ,,... .. c��.��a„as�� catafSssS�. t �e r es�l53Cn� °��; Cara�cat�k�ng �� <ti � a,�. .,..,... �� + > ,,,�,. .. , ,..,.�.. .. .. � C.}E�ttib4xtir�ri � r„.aFtting... �p� ttae��r c�bt�reg .. a...,...'.�..u.,a. �.,�� .... � �C1�fli�F .G�IPb��IF�. j t:; CS�� C,�t�#tY�� A m��«n x u ;'e^;, �igcare 2�, 11�Tc�fr��1�m��t�irr��7"T"�1 ra�t�c�rk ir�frast�cr�t�are¢� 43 Fibre to the Home Council Europe-D&O Committee. (2016).FTTH Handbook-Edition 7. Retrieved from Fibre to the Home Council Europe-Resources: http://www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/Publications/FTTH_Handbook_V7.pdf �� For carrying out the fiber network design assessment, the City of Redding Public Works Department provided geographic information systems(GIS)data of the downtown pilot project area such as land use by category (i.e., residential, office, retail, industrial, public, etc.), building footprint, census blocks, roads, poles, electric overhead, hydrants, pipes, manholes, among others. A subset of these GIS data is shown in Figure 23. s� y�r»c.lut��i Eft�'{c�j};'}ii}�kiia �� j�ts t�r�l�'�''�.�"�s� �� eu t'�i��;;��`i2<.,i't'�„f��:^�.,,�cF�y„`°�s: >r c >Fw�itr r ,tt� y,�m �� tt��rz�'��?t�� ,��t��tss �it,��i {,��Js}� � �� , i �r �t � �ll��#� '�i�t� � �'�„{��t�u��r`��l�t ��'(�4��s��,��'�� xr�x , i } , y } �}4 s `s�S� . ,�;,� ;�rtr �, � ti� n� �� P` �, t'�n� � .� � � ��, � � � c 4�{j�� v3 �.� �rNt r 2 ��b{t "i��4 i r �t`"� z fli`�ti r+zfi ��i1s}a� }y P s�� f Y4a' t �� p��i�u � '�it�tF � z�� i�r '� �� ,+ ' 4u ' ��c�� ; �� ° 1 �stc ��`�`��x��7j�t;� i! sss,tis} r�?' ( ' ifiti, '+� '""� �SS'{��'�j�kl ��f �` r�4 1" `i�ft' Z �r tt tt t}1 � �t}} c ��U y','$� f: ti 'i�l t 1j t� 4 4 t k � i . ��z�ir�,�r 4��r t i t 7 1 � £L�Y � ' �i,� � kr} '�3s�� {s;�t�rrs 3 s 4 � �1��}��!� � 2� ' a�� ls�� ' � � c "°s� � � � s 1;� � '� � i�'` r x�� t }�} Yd �t`S;� � J yw t� _. t{@ i"�` "t�Lr�� o-;l�u., �: t � � � 4 � "'�u' itft�t�� t�a ``� }I t: 7��"� �T� iSt�f} t,< � 4r } ��t �n � � �t�t�. 5 , k��#�}s r#e t�;�n �`+�ri}tr,�� Y �� ttt�;r�Y'�;`��'t{}v� �r r��u S��i� ,,.,t t��7�Q��{k;�tYr��.tlt ,.i�;�7 F . �t�(��?�p�{�jf#� ,. ��' 4` 7 �.*,.st E�f;7 �+Y Y°".. ,t. ye }� jt ��.�{t�)i �k S ,.,.�rf � �Z}�tttt;It/ .,� t', "' �t)t�s h� ,�' ; �?�� ` � t 7 ��1� �. . �S t( {s �� y, ,� }��t c� ��f 4��st � � F � � �� c 3t}�� y �,5��f��h�t��s�� $ �� `` ini ,�'�' �'s�l�e� �'�� .t � 9�'��i� �v a -r a,�, t :}�y��n��.� G;''.;,;�tt"k� ? �' � � ";s ts iS�?� � t k r }£i t�4 IJl�� „ . us� t u�`'t �� 4 ..re� � '� `sf t�� lr�$%�,, 4 iii f (� �. ��'a �} � � ` W�x z�t{h{4� t r��,� rtKi J ��i�L s1�� g �a t �5��17S�ti�lj{� � ;. ��: ��'� � k�a`� �f zZt}t' .�1 �. � �Yr tii��Y r 51 `��t ��' �S#f�J '` �, x�S� t i }�S, �s��r: �3 t;�� r ub z��3�5�(�.� �s�� r nrc� t ?�d ii#� �� r � �rv* � � � f i � t� �a'r��{ �� i�4 4 � �' '��k`�}�t�`� rr �i��€,�N�� d3"� � t �x-� �i t ��p�$r+s�t�2 �s s r�'�4'��"�4y . i, a�""� �s t�ti �;f .« � ; �# $�" �� '��; �' Y� "�'. f � r s�,rG �r ��1� v � � 1 �� ; y � 4 t� �� ,, 5tv '�l} �� t � { .x t„ � l ��f`S3"` '�� 9 j�s� �g � �,' 4 t u�t �� xs�� `�� ' `�i ,�N.. . ,� �,d r� � .t�� ! �`'" tr�,�'��sr�`� ��y ��3u` �� t ��y g�r {�� ,, r ¢� �$ �i ru ' ��y � � � u�l; }k ,� �v� x it�� 1 {�( � t`� �t �� 1�4�n4 r{_,:z fi �,�.�'''"x .a�� }� �� k ,,� •§x''` ,,; �s `��' . :��r 5 ni r�� 7'� s,t�fzt�ti�{ r N � xf �{ 1��irtr ti�t rl �'��. ,�:i t�'�.�',2x,�.+,, , ��i ' �y� c��sa:.,:� ,� `� c��, �i t �r�rS��y`�„� h % �� '�� , t � w ; � 4t� is4.��{}t�ttF�(�tt r;;��Y h«� rt"' , �� ,.nt�4 �'� t �� +�j,iM17+� � ? '� � . t� , � y�} : ,�js�f1�$z{ l�:,. ��r ttR} �s t '" r. �'�'�U '�.. � � � ,y� � �r'��kt}�+{ �� D�. �. � �a� � � ''' �� ''� � u � {k��' i�s t„� �`iE ,�', z t="` ��it��tf��Y��tts4�} �;t�i` r�t �y�ttQ t ��i,� �r� v�4 } s:� �,r g��Y��;�;� � t�ts:�� i tcs�,��'t'�"� � Y Yjit !t �t�� t s ( ��.., 1 'i c r tt �� '�, `" "`'�r j�}�aS h� v ; s ti u � lt4 i£�� s ��", �� . t�rs $� s', �� t � s�� r �s}�S111��}ittt{ ��i$'�1 f�h 4�� t'`�"kl�*: * ��tY S£��. � .� ��.�'��J ; � '. {y rF, Y 4 �'v'J ��f}ty�}F;{{ ,",�r y�'f��f ��,,`��,�, � 'r" ""' � , }� t�" ;,i �d<�;t �,y � �ftl '�S �f '� }�'� ti r;�yi�.l�kSi, ?t��" �� "� � c r�c < `t�Jlr£ ��. "� t 1 k fr��} ' � r�' ' � a t x � '�'��'t�r�'�c Y'��}s��t} �� r ��s�'��*,a�' a �� yt� �1 �"u� 2 t s .Yr} `�rf'�a a '�� ;t ��}�r�!ti� . S" `� ti � �; .�� w � 2 ; ,a rt� izi' �Y ��,�� ' � t��x �'�uat�,+a� �`' �" � � �� t2U�4 �£;#�£k�� r �`�`�'`}fl S ;��E� �. � �� rr ' . *�� ?p�' ��{t i��j'�� 3 akt t�rr� i��'��t � � � �� '�� * ��+� s�;�j�t�� ?��j ��,��3��' *� usi'�fi"� � , � � ' a z, t� �� y�,'��{t�tlt � . ,�� " ' ,� ,�� {'�� " �i � t�� 4 4 �,,� �+t3£ ; �� t�f}i �'�r� � *�. �i�7 s` � �� <S� ��a�*, � ��.i ,�r , '� _.. �kr�yr �4��. . }� g� "� �, 4 f� r t kµ �^�,.ta � ,�� 3 x x �� t �� }� '� 3f�py � � t�'� � , � ��',�'��'t�' y**i'�'fi� �.x��4 �"S � , §� ,. t v t�a . 4`4 �; "�p t�'`� ' �'u"tt�� i � �t v. "'�i ��,� � , �'do- r�t 4 44 "� �°'�``c t � � �� t "�`� �< . �.. �"m�., t . �'� ��` ''xa��, �� 7 ,_ �r`'�s��, yi�t ,xt t �;+t� � d �t `8 ,i t #,�� / j& �� k ��f � � �� `#�p ?� €��{{ ��`{�` � { a� �; �� ?§��,ka�t�t��lt � � a t � �ri s ;� G 3 pr� �7 �t..i. ;�`Y D y �� .„�� #t*7�� t S..- ;��E�y}� � � � � � > �fq� ��' tltfs } fk3} �� 1el�i�y� xf4; i rc t'�� }S� v� ,��,� "��' � } _, ,of � �� `J �' it�'.!��+�i�t�+3�� \,� 3 jY 7}IS}'i'�}s f. � �. � . �, 4 �+� 7 y a, ::al'�f i . Y ��3��Xp E7 f}� ' S . '� � y s"'' i } � r�+�`�;k y, }§�, �, ' �� t � ��e $�`t x 3 ti�?�'�t� � k�ts} �_ �� ' s� � js '� � y a;§ t�"`��a. �y .. ,� Yt t` t Y� �" 4� � ,,�„f� �,.;,� �� t 1`��1`§#��arr�.'� t��.3��j��S' �Sr� t'��'�{#a� „"�,{4 .t'# t4�'t i�st�`4w�.� ' ' Z t � �}�c t,,"� '� t �¢ : �' + � s s{��% . � »�`" >lys . � - ��7�ts�f2��t tt�li�� 3l�Iti(�t��C�� tt7��ilry�t} t.�� zt��, e£�,d .�,,. ��° i ,� �,� r� �� I,�'i : f t I �t . s i t�l�, + �}��'ls2t t �� ,�i�{t ��U��T}�� L }x t ; a". �"�t�'�' }5 " �;�� .,��,�~tt�j yi y� ��G }( t 31�3t7�s r t�z^f�s ";27s��{G� Eij�,�i. \k� If "�� `ifr � . �'t k �� t-. s��s{ r .i � �' �� h ��S�'��'��i7it' .;�.tt �!, � t1 �� .. � a a � � ��'.{s Y� ��'s x°4,§1� . tr ,.,.;�$`i t .c a . �`. ." ; '7 ) t t � r .�11 k�ti1�"`�k �1 '' � �'�� .st`,�� t '�77 �t k tt,_ � '� x � �rr 5i �l7 t � �'� u�1�tf�:�t Y('��{n�s .a Y a a +�' � ; k+,t � I t t,t � 4 '� � �� 3 t �z�S `�u k' tt �ti ,.}� �t � u��, �s'c y�� " �v�� c,�f�� 3 �, a� ,�� s l}ri, �u� � 3}�7 t�� t��x+�� j � ��'�"�yi,7 � �� "r �f �Yi iu{�, � � �,,�� i«};� �m� � �;tti r� �jr��`�t�zst� �„' L t J 5�7� � k�t�N 45,+1,�{ �+��7�5 t 7�4�,k �t 5 S �a� � �� . '�,i-�Y � f � u c r s Si � '�i��"�r�,�iu.Ylrt 4S�Y{Y.si � ,�x�.�... t 1 s .t s � : f,> 1 $ � 4 z t. s {s r }iY ttf �#.°� 47`� ; v#�tt',�1j�''��:t r': � ��'� t�'�, i, '� $}t�;t s ��) . � ; rc � ��S t ' ta � �+•..,�S 9�� 4�;f�t�< {�ts c C'� #��}�� h�{t . '� �,��'�`i'�{� ' sh 1'��'��%.�i�� t i��. `,u�` �� .k 7�� G' '��y�� '� ir ��5� `l+ �td i �tt rvft r � Y fts�: d } 5 s"� � t '�� tt�( ,} r, �� <a �s'i" �� r ,� c t 1 � � F��il � " v �' tk��r�f � s z� �i'€ � ii 1\ � Y#? �� ?.0 j1, .rt3 f � t k�, '� ��)4�&��y��7 / �t trt �;i x� r{Pk ¢5 tt �1 t ; � }�l��l y+�rbl��a t�� l J��(!4�4 �� f �7 � $ & 4 �#�rP t �� r rStS, l�;r1s , �?,� ��.�' S5�ii r „x� t�t �. „ `y a �; �s w 4 J �s i � �f ��,��4 ��f��fi eaY t t t� ,}{�"t7 � #�`< <,`§ t'u�ty j �� S f:�r t.. ;� i?�� 3.�.yc " .' a #�, �r tlJtrE'�,}fi #{ 4 4?ti �s; zt qt}# �t� a ��,;�n u i�fFi�r=ti3l�t�'� ��,� i r+�,��5� hj,i � f, u�f}ta r��" ��0 ,; k�"� s y tp , n r:., �,:,} Y u �4 r�3c� �;'��G ,-a�Y, �fi,}��i�tts:ts��.'t�'�"}�'s�l`�a��'`t,�f�r;� #�,tr � s�tfr ➢�...t,�s `� .c� �' :�ru�t`� �'{'�`�,'� s1$ ��,�;tc; �aa��,,,tii�,,,k�`,tz,„�,,,„ �.s„'. a t,.,�, .� . , z . , .� 4 � � ,.�a�.ak�, ,.. 1 v�5'f?�.t,r„ti,u. .. � �,a�:, t�s��t�rY,av�..�,��s.,, a`,�, a,l�.��r,�„! ��.,.2 i,�§I��Au'�f`fi. �ir�cor��.�a �'1.S dr��ca 1ca�r�r�crf�ecfr�ira��3��rrtca�� rac�/ucfin��e�r�d cas�, rr�a��s, �c�les, ��ctrrc c��r�r�a�c�r�, ara�rarzg cst�a��s. :�;� Other important GIS data used for the technical analysis was REU electrical usage of customers44. This approach was proposed by Steve BIum45 based on the assumption that electrical usage patterns are good rough indicators of broadband service potential. The same approach was implemented in Blum's assessments for Healdsburg46 and Palo AIto47.Table 5 shows electrical consumption ranges and customer classes used for this technical assessment and Figure 25 shows location of customer classes in the downtown pilot area. Estimated Annual ��lor Class KW H C�d� 1,000,000+ ��A Red�°:��.� 500,000-999,999 B Orange 200,000-499,999 C Yellow 50,000- 199,999 D :�reen 15,000-49,�99 �� lue -2,000- �A�,�� ,. F� . �� -�� Grey Less than -�,€l�� G Black 7"c�#�le �. �lectr�c c��astcrt��-��y ec�rascrrr��i�ar� c�1�s.s 44 These data did not include any information that identified customers or any other private customer information. The data only included electrical usage patterns of residential and business locations. 4s Tellus Venture Associates—Management, planning and business development consulting for community broadband. https://www.tellusventure.com/ 46 glum,S. (2015). Healdsburg Fiber Optic Network Assessment,201anuary 2015. 47 Blum,S. (2011). Market Research Report-Citywide Ultra High-Speed Broadband System Project,City of Palo Alto, May 19,2011. https://www.tellusventure.com/downloads/Palo-Alto-Fiber-Market-Research-Report- 19May11.pdf �� TM:4 §4 k y ( U) f }F :.. f ) .. l +�� }��C1c4 }� �yt 1 r „� . ,, ? r'r�s" , t}t '�� `7��'S" €itt 73 s � � �^ * �q°� c'��" t ; .�P �v q� r�f� ;� t � 7 �`�`�3 7 {,.��i t}}if 47 t � f . s X� f �%'� �i ±��.� �d ?� � 2�#tEta��l�st��fl`'��s� Wj� �r� � 7�Yy�, y � �§�y y�� t!� � a�r, �`'�� Yf � �� "��..�k'� 1�1��1 � � ��; s��`��fi��t u'��t"�} '�+ #?��.; � . / :� �:� t tr� r b9F Y �,� ; i.�� z ��,��'� � �;a ��t��b"- r t �q'y �°,�'�'i,��t��;t ��} � � � �� s �' �7�t� � �� }f,� � ' , � y t } � � a , � ty�� i� 'ty � �F � � 3 � '� � ��E�'�` ��"�� } s � `�m�p�?� t � t� >r � �'y 'r}� c ,�„ 4"� {.��1��t�k,��'�'j �� n } '� �'�y � � � s � �S� � ; � �l ' �2�,� ��`l� �� ° {'� i aF� r � � �tt�t�.�''�i,�� s. s � z ��'4�¢"�� . j{r S 4�1 i � ,t � � ?r � � ` k '�r 54�4 44'� '` xt � l �+1�; t .�§ � ��' �i,�. y, C`! � �u�� 4 � �: � � a# ��t� �'t`�,(y� �+ g '�c t� �t i3 {t � tl �'ii "� "��3'�" ,��' it 4�G �,'�' F '.��. *�.,i h� �. :�,. Cy . �� J.�K' ��t �lk vi�� r� .i� �� t� +st'S 2i ��r';��) �� xJ y �� r�. � yy�e��' : �, ° �" 5` r�� '�� f 71 � ' t ,� �sa4"sS t �� k s � ��} # *� i � i� " 7 �i '� ,,�,g�s �� 3��{�? ,',� �q�� i��`� t � � :'t��,�t �r?t` �y ��„3 �y � '* r+�i�j'�. �n ��Xr�� '� � ��i� f r i 5 } } y4 < �r �� i r,��,��i?; �,� t'�, � I, t�r��r � � t ��i7 t s � ��' ��'� �� ,2 �t +�v �`��i?��#��Y�� a� �� i� ��K., �� u � ' ��`��i '��g'��`��E a 14 �3��`�z ��''�"".; �� 7��: ' ' `�d "y ��`�j", g�S�,�a� ��S.. si t� 'A�,�� x'� � ��'��:� � �,'�� t'". r ��.i �y�r X�� ,�`y�,.,, �'� ��sr :t�� ;t� �f �„ �'� ;t{it,?at� +� , � w��p 4b ��` �� ,r r��`, '�� A�m�.� � � y � � �'.! tt � � �:,� ��'� �� :�� `��k� �; ��'�� i�„�� '� �g� ` >rr #�,>� �t�s�� {�3 ,� t "' �� `��. �'r; ts 1 �d$"?� t�{' ' �� 'ti;s �s t'piN �,� " �' �'�� } *,�r�`f r � `�� '? �� w� � "�} �� .,,, � €�` � � ;,,�,` � � . s�'�„�i �,., ' �k #+ s'�, , ,�. r nM zk �t�� "� � �ks t $ � "' �t � � s`� �` �} -.n "��` a .a,y� a �,.��" �i,, + � � i � � � � j� `� � �} 4i�' r4 .� ff��.; ^�r�' ��,F'��,� r �+ �,�' '�� }.�IS sa'� � d .+a � d , � � .. +�.. � 'J ��}�v � �� 6 3'" �y.;�' �,�:F`+ x�¢f ��4n� � �� r �� Y "� � ��'t �`�.`��'� "� 4x G " { � �� t ��u:�i'� tr3� Y�r �` '.� ' � �� . y; t �q� ,� � 4� � � y � , �� d§ �`��`'� N' • �a r kj�'a s, } ,ww � Y�� ; ��, �c a�'��r t" . :��}?� r " � . '� ?�z �`}5 � �� { . � � � ,�,�4 Yh .'�� Y ' `� ':'�� c� � � �� °� �� t; '�� ;� �, � ' ��'� � �,� �,� � ��.� �� v' 7�y} �:�.,�k# �w �#�r�. �� a i * " p� r � � �rt ��"�� q i k {Ft� y�' ��t � �Y t ,�nt � 1 fi� � t� is } � . � �� ,��" � s �,�, t C�� `� ;� 3 � �� ..�'�,�+. ' � � . � � s �� . y � � � �� , � � , � � � � � j '�°� r,�r '}'m`��y_ R�, ,.., �` � ,„ �f'' }� � t ��tr��' ��' }� ��„ �` � ��Q � �' ��xt ' ��tu�? � ,t �'vt� � t � t w pg s � t e �'� 5 � � � `�� f Y' 4� �t � �' A �'�`�,i � sry,I�, �i +� i Y�,t z � � i 5� i �� ,t � � f ja � � ?'w�. � �� t s � `9�' � �' t` ,�� s e�,.." P�ttF� �!' } m t 7 z�# � f�s�a `�"$ '�g � 4'��j� �i. �, `, �f7�}Ii��t�}; f ! � ��,��, ��,e��i s�'"s�y��'fi i,��t V�y �,�F v� "� i�Y;�, t„ fia�� ;�'��Ytl�v k��.r� ;#tT,y �� u�� '� ,� '4'�� s f �� ;�:��s �� as� � e' �s i � � � '� '��'� . '" � }� �i �4 �� i� � , t �' 7�{��'�� t � y� c� ��'�� s;t �� i V � r e� ..��st 't�} ��C�� "gf� � ��.�t '��t �� ir� p� 3��t�� 5 ; ��a� �"�e� _� �� i tz4 c t �k �R �' ��#7}� r t�f�,��{� }� � � =7��`� �� '�� j �"��? 1 ��y,�, �"t�Y��,. �� „ � � i�£ t7� ��?7 s ni�� F r4{�S �}� � �„ t � . ,�fiY :p�� `� 1'��74� ��u�'��,��'� . � �'j➢��t��t�f p�,} H �t. .�, { ,��1 e �� t'+z'st;j ��{�� .,'�"{t�s��5 �' �'�'�' ° �'n ! ��€�f^�'ct a i k � � � tl?{�t f�'u� ��# 3�z� 4 t ��y�� @ �� y � � �s :€ �g d � � s �� :� ,;� t{ i. � Y �? � ��, �, , .'��' I' �g� ft �� t �#�'�$"�6�*� �' � ahtns '# `.s M � � V'�S#� " U,. � {�f � �S�,r �'�ai �. £��x� �� x � �� ' .. ��r � .� 4'�d! ia �`��r�t i.j��`"�f �` 'r� u��'�3� < , ,f�� ? l.�` �� i� t{��'� �,�a .3}#'�x�' .ar i��'�� rz�1S��t� { a �, E t� '�"��i�Psr� `' s t i 1a�� t�4 j ��7`i�,� �'�y+rret G r t� y� 44h3�y�v sS�? �y �y, � t t n ��1 h S}�' v ' 4 ��i4�3�� Y ° +t� ti �"r.�� i �?{ ��e � �`�SS�`� i h� �.rz s �`8.� ��'t��;�4=��'},:.Ea"tr S ,�'�'� �' ,��r3y�t� �;��a a� �f� t � ;'+'�i ��'j,�'�;` �� '��M � `f�,� �t'�,��;�" { t} `�,}�� "t t 't � ua b�d' t«,,t ^}tyN&� � � 3�� d�� t��{�� 'uji� t i 3`��x�i� �`�� 4� +� � �. � � � 'v ss{��rj} �� ,,��,�� ..� r �r�;��1 , ,uYfi��a�r,s �r Y:"�a.�� , ��'�5��.�ei�£�`��';��k��:� , . ;;:�s r�..,.�Sa }�'`r,;,»�4�§�� #4}f�. �r,. ,��5� ,r��u�..,.,. �s�'�u �. �� }�, e � _ � �+ , .�t,� �I�c��5. ��c�tric�l�asc��c�t��rns irt L�cz�vr�tc�vve��cy'c��r��. Figure 26 shows the design of a proposed fiber-optic network48 for the Downtown Redding pilot project area.The design includes only the backbone or feeder fiber route that passes through the entire project area. The design does not include lateral fiber lines or customer drops, as these lines will be deployed later on based on specific customer locations.The network and feeder fiber route design criteria include: • The interconnection point is located in a middle-mile aggregation facility to the south of Redding • Optimized backbone or feeder fiber route to reach potential large business and industrial customers 48 The network design underwent a few iterations in order to optimize the route and maximize customers reach. The design also incorporated a first round of feedback provided by the REU staff. �� • Feeder fiber route uses wooden poles as recommended by REU staff • Feeder fiber route follows electric primary overhead lines, and distribution fiber and drops (not included in the design and not shown in the diagram)will also follow secondary overhead lines • PFCP(cabinets) are located in shared facilities with REU's substations • SFCP (aerial cabinets) are located near to potential high demand areas • Subscriber taps are located near to potential customers v � � � �� `_� {ur �7 i�h �'�t �a E,��,4"� � r�:w+h �. ��` ��t;� ' ` �� '` „4 'i � t ti dS" kt� a � ��; '�". 4 ;�''� �' z s}� '� d ��C�;''1{ +. ,,...} 9 { ��k �%' � Y��,�{�?£ I �k y� ��` �� s�� ,�#�; � ` �� ,� � `r� � r`��,�� N 'a's � ta'";��y,�t a�� ,�}�,r�t� � � � s�',r3�i ��$`�ka , �fr� ;� '�: u� �e`�' � .�f��'�'�� E ;� 'U` r � �� y�+ �,� , �� , z �. . S�` .��'��,'�`�'y�,,�` � �. a � �' S.�^�'°�' �'"' �s s �� s 7 �� '��tre7s� �� i pv�„�.�;, �, � � �, ��cl, �;� ' ,a � � ��y}� � � „ry� >„' � �,'�2t ti � F } � � ��""`� �.�'�f t it A '�; . srj �. �r� �4 't � "�u"t �,. .�. ' t'»�'+f tl 5 '3 t ;� ,p k � �� ?�' '�'... �r7"a� .,'�`� a � ��;.; �p� ' ; �� 'r�`:�, l�f 3 i � ; t�� '�l'�"'�' l N f x f� '� }:Y A , � '�+�43t� � � k ��'�4I1 � '��i�� , s"�.�s aD e�. � �r �`�, � *� t� � �t �" ��'�r�'� ,�' t,. �� "��; � Y �� f a ;a�"� i '�o s � �;" ��fe. ,�:r , � � , k. t a,�rf'?`f�"r}� .. i{' �, '# 3�.,"s 1�'�y � l "=° ,"t P <.y �,� � � : "'C� }:��t �`' � 3 i � d2 �' °�r� t�`4�� `� t�+� � � � �' �i `" �� °, �k, `�} ��P+"�wu�{��r�s �"� ��' pi��3.i � ' � Y'.�r,� "��+�� t�;, � �� a+�� s��.�� ti *'� %��'��""� � ,_ �.'�N"` '�°t 5'��'�� m U��i �s ��t t� �� +�x�i� ��^' "� �S� �� ^+� `� ��.� ,,��,t y��<: f�u a (�� a� �� , � � u „e � Ts � 4;��t .s�` � a� ^'.��'�`� ,� � �. ,�,� d ' . �`�C�,� W,�� 'a � � ��,1� � � . >� �, 4" � y , �� ;�� 5 "'W t� �� ,� . � , x s W� 't t �� +t�w�; ,?� q . �, �� ' ?��' �� " �" �a �� o � �,� � t ry � �,� �!S* .v �� x� �� 'y. � �� s� ��,� t ��.�;�� , � � {��,, (�� ,� �q �r. ��s�,�`(�r��' t� �.��fi ,�; �� p�� i F �. � p� � r',� � �"� a t ,.�, .�, �to-� �.. �� »�{ �. � ��` 'y�� y 9 �q"�' ^."r n �� r'� �� tUc� „� a�� !��" t�-'"`4� t �T � s��' ��u t �� , �� '� 't„ ' ,� �C� � �r �ls�' �aa�� ,��.'i�� o- �$t�,�� '��' i�� " d+ � ti�+r3r , f�Z i��.;».`�` t �, � �� y��y �r�,,,, �� '��„ , ",�' � � � � � �;y �i{�'w'�`�;' �`%§ `�t�'t �r, t�' '� t�"' "�, � �S� ;�y . :. � a b "y �¢�`t �'i y,» e � , � � ,�s� d ,,,�',�^ 6 , r ` {. y � � i �'� �s .� ��. � 1� � t . ;« � '�� 3�`;��. � 4 v�� '�4,�yv r �F'�7�1� 1 : "� .'S � t. �� °°' °�;r'� ;. `��i ' "�a y} � '� i f `�zt�`�� Ye�#��v � `t �" 5� �` «� �5 � r�i�, � �, 'n.� � �� t ,�F� Y A,,s'�� : t t �1 � � �� w �� °� � � '�°�{� § °°�i r ��t� 't� ` ir � � "� '' 1 ' �. �r'�' �. � i ,� {� � �wl` yk^ . . � �:,,� � � �,. 7}��; st�. '�' �Y4}� t ' tt� :S �hdl k� ��}� �' � 5 � �., � �},��„fiv+`N�j � �. ��} .� .�. �'", y�:r�'r . �s� tt ,r 5t: �z'� �� t4 .�, � � .e�, �Y � �_. u ��``�� `" ' t z r� "� �� s �,�"", � � ��x �� i v t r f } �s' � kt�,. �'�" ��,��} �� d� �,�;� � �s �°�� f � � ;� � r d re:�"��` � s� `�� + �x��r� i u r,�s s k � � � �� h� � � �� y �.. 'k s�,,a�y �. y ,� '� < �` 4 s� �, aa . m J �� a'�,A2 t a � � �; . r i � t�t :6+ '�� } ��4 ir'�'t '�' +, E� r �`w � , um` { t��d +&+*� ��(�`yt �4 �� s��v^" �„ �°t �"�� r� � '��, �'��; �,f � � "�f ��t'h'r 1 �'� �t�'�S Sf yd,�� Ftf4i .§� �,� �4 t� 7§t � '��} �,' � �'fY �rF„ 3 1 it� n�G� '� � Y,� 9"��i�ji��i' � }{ �^ � � '�'iG� � �` J� `t�'��"�� iy�( �`%Y��.s��i��R �'3r "r'p� �� '��' � s �� t� ?v� � ��r i�4�� '��f�?tt r� � c a t � ��'��?� �"s x� �,�4f �afi xz w � � �r�� fr`V 3 ��i ��7��c°�?�i�� 1 St4 „� q, � �� r t� r�n"�� "�� i� �� r2<,�,��' ° " r � � t . �� tll t zt Et� �rzj � �.�r �ta�3� r ,. z � � � � �r a �i'�� q�l�t � ,3��, �p �k. � f .�v � �si �,4 �e{Y;��+�£��r"t�=a� y r"'iw,. �.,,{Y Yp wN�+' ti 5' i `� E�� } ��{ A f t i 4'< ''` t ti 5 t't'i't 11 1 . ,$�+"�'�t£s!. #.�'�;yzl� 5.,a,�3 �� '�i,° r{�`t°G�'lb�;�y, � i �}� �, sk 1 �� t l�i+ s 7 . u� H � � ��F�'� � +� , S{ � '�< +►� �s.�u�,zrrM�aati�;..� �'`�;1�� , ��i� ��k�i�i� 3 �, � � � 1��';�� '�r t sxi �; ;S„x, �Fx � .. i(��TYtre a �� 1 �� mX� � � �� r m{ � � s� � �� 'c ��s*3�.�6�� ^ `,9��ij�,��Z#��y��,� � �, ��t�� ara`°= �'�� "� � t ' r r� 5�¢�t xb.m,ie�ei'L �, �� a t'�- tiF ., � �.s c� d�� y �$ i � �� ., t`��1� �{ct� . ��, F Y} ti St 1'� t sjz� �` . �. t .r:r.,:z�r �:k".a '`�u��a a Pc��'1t � S�' ��. t �'�4��`!� �t � ' �#�t '�s f�k7t�s Yr 7 �g {, a.a- �'Tsaa� �� °`�wS��4� � }"�` ��q�y�z� }��§��`t� �"t � #a� �i�,"�, i ",7 `'" . �.. � �. � i;'{ tk ��''` i "�'�u %z t � �¢ t "'�v' `Mf�'' ?`� 4 sf t'�s x k x snk;��,d'r` �` 0 3 S�`b��'t "i�k�i ' ��: � ,... „s,xxgc �..s'��..�� '„��i�� l;�l'i� tt�. �i9�� tih�iy�� : F. ��' t s ,S�s5,".��'�1 �__� a �� f�r�~t�� '��+ `" ��' '� • � ' }� � t�� s�'ta�,��,� Ftb_T�ge� tz�'� i�� ttr � +�, � ��}�4��,' +s � r +r � �i'�". ,� � �+ '��7� �� s�° �t��,�� t��s" ' � � � � ` �� `a�� r � a�m r��t� , 5,r i�` � �a��`�� }�� *��'��` �ist5 f1 � a � e�..; ��t �� s,�� ,��3�e,t„�.. �� aara �t � �� a t�S�� . � z� � �t!�� Y� { idl��,, ;��.a: z�S'�ix x�� . a,3rm £y rt`%4 r p 'iSy�� '� � : ��"�`'., ;��t��''�,� ��,,�,f„5 �'---"�� a�,wEs �� e 5�`s 4�sm�Y . r t�s `& '�14�� r� ��$E�'��4�s. �,��t " ��?`�e��F��4y� ��E��.s;u�r :,�+.5 t �'� tt t sn�' , �r � t� g;,, Sa CF �t� �:� �h+ � ��$�ik� �°��`§�ts� � �E} � , ti � �tt S�t� ��,k�r+s<a� ra.a 3xu-'r�i'N �ji,i' '�%'�t;��ju�.ar 't��±��m,��i�` :4'�°,"�,,i��;;� ..� ',� tx�;;�t,"s a��., ;��i k;'��"si�."t �� igur��o �ib�r-c��a�i�net�saork�'��f�r�fear tft�C°ftg��d��r�6ra� ��; It is important to highlight that this is a high-level fiber network design assessment and not a fully detailed technical fiber network design. Table 6 shows a summary of the main fiber-optic network elements for providing service to the Downtown Redding pilot area. T"czb9�6. .Sca�aaaczr�r r�f�r�ir�r�et�nrcark e1��n�rrts f�ar��T7��f a�et�nrcar-k f�rr fih�C'ity�f 6��dc�fr�� Item Clnits Total Access Node Units 1 Primary Fiber Concentration Point(PFCP) Units 2 Secondary Fiber Concentration Point(SFCP) L�raits 4 Subscriber Taps(Cable Splice Closure/Handh�l�s) Units 57 Fiber Aeria) Deployment Miles 4.41 Fiber Underground Deployment Miles 0.55 The following subsection pres�nts a high level e�st ��sment to estimat� the cost of this FTTH/FTTB network. 5,2.2 NigF�-�evel Fiber-t�ptic i�etwark ��st�s��r�ent The high-level cast�s��ssirnent for the fik�er-optic t��Cwctrk in the E�tiwntown Redding Pilot Project Area is based on a corn��n�tion ofcc�stdata inputf'r+arrr��e IVation��T�lecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA�u�i�c�adband U��, publicly :��r�ilable fiber network deployment reports, and communications with experts in the r�t�tter49.Table 7�hows the estimated and selected cost ranges and average costs o€,�h� main fiber netwc�rl��l�ments. 7��bB�,7��r�r��d�ia��ts(�cte��s_�rrc�cr��r��,��;�c�r t°he rracafrr flb�r-��atic r��k�}err��r�t�fc�r tda� �t��tc��rr� ��i�tg F�iBr�t F'r�pe�t Estimated Estimated Estimated ' Item Description I.ow Cos# Average High Cost ;�USD) Cast(USD) (ll5D) Access Node{Pt�P) $958,775 $1,095,713 $1,232,650 Primary Fiber�c�rte'entratic�n Ptiint(PFCP) $650,000 $675,000 $700,000 Secondary Fiber Ci�n��nt�`at'tt�n Point(SFCP) $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 Subscriber Taps(Cable Splice Closure/Handholes} $100 $250 $400 Aerial Fiber Deployment $21,614 $44,037 $66,460 Underground Fiber Deployment $98,760 $245,380 $392,000 49 These costs are based on the follawing sources: • CTC technology&energy(2015),Cost Estimates for FTTP Network Construction—Prepared for City of Santa Cruz,California, May 2015 • BroadbandUSA-NTIA(2017),Cost at-a-Glance: Fiber and Wireless Networks, May 2017 • Nationa)Telecommunications and Information Administration(NTIA)(2009-2015), Broadband Technology Opportunity Program (BTOP)—Projects Cost Summary,2009-2015 • City of Chico Public Works Department, Underground Conduit Installation Cost Data • Redding Electric Utility(REU),Cost Estimates to Install Fiber in Poles • Steve Blum (2017), Recommendations for fiber cost estimation ranges for the CTC 2015 Report �:� Table 8 and Figure 27 show the estimated total deployment cost for the fiber-optic network in the Downtown Redding Pilot Project Area.The initial total cost estimate ranges from$2.6Million to$3.5M, and an average of$3Million. �"�bd�$e �s�irr�at�d tc�t�1 c��r��g�rra�r�fi��,sts Item Description—Initiat Scenario Quantity ; Tota) Aver�ge ' Total Low Cost Total Cost Wigh Cost ' Access Node(POP) 1 $958,775 $1,095,713 $1,232,650 Primary Fiber Concentration Point(PFCP) 2 $1,300,000 $1,350,000 $1,400,000 Secondary Fiber Concentration Point(SFCP) 4 $200,000 $300,000 $400,000 Subscriber Taps 57 $S,ZQO $14,250 $22,800 Aerial Fiber Deployment 4.41 $95;3.��.74 $194,203.17 $293,088.60 Underground Fiber Deployment 0.55 ��4,318 $134,959 $215,600 Total Costs` �2,�14��111 $3,089,125 $3,564,139 �sti��c�Tc�t�l�c��fi ' �4.<�DC�C}.C�C��D ��,5t��i,C3�i� �3,t7flt�,t�C�C� ;,�Y,,,,<> , � ' �S�,SQt�,�k�Bt� �' ��#�` 4 � F � �' � t ' ;2,�P(��,t�t�t} , ' ��5�t�,Ct�� ' �1.<C��3�7,t�t}(� ', ��4��},�1�3C} , ' �C� _ J ��1nz��r�rc��ar��fE��r C1e�lr�y�r.�rst ��ri��i=i�s�r C��Icay��rst 5�rbscri�r�r 1��g�s ��5eccar�€��ry F1�er Ceari�er�tr��tiar��'cs��t��C:S�} �P;im�ry Fs�°�r�c�nc��tr�tic�n F'�i�t(PFC:F'� �Ac��s N��{�'C�€�} Figc�r��. �sti��t�d��`c��;�ikaer�tet�rork ccast fs�r tl��L?c�trvratc��nrn f�eddirag��c�,g�c��r�cr Figure 28 shows netvutr,rk element cost percentages of tne average total deployment costs which help to identify the main cost drivers.The main cost driver is the PFCP,44%,followed by tne access node, 36%.The least cost driver is the subscriber taps. �� r��"C��[��y��t��st °f { �a. ��a��3�r��c�� r��'t �a �� ' `Y ��'rir��ry�i1s�e��s��ntr�t�cars('��tt�P�C:�� `� �� :��,,� „�," �S�cc>€��;sr�FaEa�r�car?c�+s�tr,�t��:t�Pcair�t{,��'�) � , �� akas�ri�s�r��p� �, , ��r��I=it��r t?��le�y��r�ertt In; q, t ' �� ,�,�� lSr�c��r�;rc�urt�fi'ska�r��p�c�yr��rst y �� z,:�,e.a�,��y,.�a Figc�r� 2�a dtlfca�rr rr��res�k��rra�n��as�dri��rs fa�t6��ri��v�€�rk ia�L3c��vrrtc��n�iedc�irrr� Network Design and Cost Optimization After identifying the main cost drivers, th�;r�etwork design was optir�ri��d. The initial design included network elements (PFCP and SFCP) which �i�uld handl�,future growth t�� the network to a citywide scale. However,this potential network expansia�ma,y.��txie after a few year�,therefore,from a financial stand point, it would be bett�r tci c�ptimize (red�c�j��ie initial upfront cost to only necessary equipment to serve the pilot project areas,Furtf��rmore, new g�n�ration of fiber network equipment and electronics comes after few years, then it �ak�s ser�se to purcF��e latest equipment with enhanced capacity when the time for network expar�sitan come��:�he desigrt t�f the network was optimized to network elements and teat�l��ts shown in 1`a�ale 9 and Figi�re 29. Th�;�iptimized network cost ranges firom $1.9Million to$2:�1�?"lillion, ar�d��n average q�$2.3IVI3�lion.��. ':;;� 7`��l��, �stir��t�r�c��ti�ral��a�fr�tczl c��cay�rr��rr��a�st.s ' Item Description—Optimized Scenaria Quarrtity' �otal Average Total I.avu Cost Total Cost ' High Cost Acce�s(�t�de(POP) ; 1 $958,775 $1,095,713 $1,232,650 Primary��ber Concentration f�t�int(PFCP� 1 $650,000 $675,000 $700,000 Secondary�itser Concentration Pcsint(SFCP) 3 $150,000 $225,000 $300,000 Subscriber Tap� 57 $5,700 $14,250 $22,800 Aerial Fiber Depla�rt��:nt 4.41 $95,317.74 $194,203.17 $293,088.60 Underground Fiber b2�loyment 0.55 $54,318 $134,959 $215,600 Total Costs $1,914,111 $2,339,125 $2,764,139 � � ��i��d��irr��c��`�a��d�� ,��,�� ,��3C�,�t�3C� ' �% �� s,3• ��,C}C)t�,C)t�t� , �,f : ?4 a� ', f � � � t ��,�G��,�C�� 1,,C3C�t3,��> ��(�t�,f��3t7 , �� , . , , ?��Jn�l��rc��a�d Fi�r�r l��aic�yrrr��;t ��ri�� Fik��r��p��r��r�� S��s�rib�r��r� ��`S�rc�;�c��ry�iber��r��n�r��r� i�ca�n� {S��P� ��r�rr��ry Fi�a�r�Cc�t��r�trati�r� �cair��-�C�� A�c�ss I�c�d��P�F�} �igcrr��. E.sf�rrtcrt�d t�atc�l fib�r rt�tr��a�k ccist`�'��h�I�cawo��'c��1��c�c�i��arczl�et��e� Further Network Des�gt��nd Cost Op�irnization �� Further cost optimiz�tic�n can b�achieved by'ii�entifying the main cost drivers and then optimizing the costs findirig syri�rgies with th�city and��lJ infrastcu�ture and operations. Figure 30 shows the main cost dri�r�rsia�the opt�r��z�d fiber ri�twork.The r�i-��r�cost driver is the access node,47%,followed by the PFCP, ��: Table 10 show� the estirti��ed costs of t�e access node elements. If there is a REU or city- owned fa�il�ty with appropriate infrastru�t�re that can house the access node elements,then that would mean around ��33,000 cost rei�uction in the access node cost. It is recommended further discussions among the poten�Na.l project stal��*�olders in order to discuss synergies that could lead to more cost optimization. Cost �i�timization c�ri come also from working together with the city public works department for under��ciund fiber i��ployment in certain segments of the fiber network route. �� r��`��l��t c��✓ ��:��{�� k ��rse��ry��3�.a�r�o��c��st,�atic��a��s�e�t��F�� s, �� y��a �, .�$ t 3�,.��`f.c�,�� cczrsd�ry�ila�r��,nc��tr�tic��e�`s��t�SF�� , S�z��csik��rT�ps �A�riai�ib�r C��i�yrn�r�t �� t9r�ed�r�a�c��snc��i�a��[7�pBra�pr�;�e�9 �igc�r�.3CP. 14�r�r�a r��twc�rk elc�rr��rat cc�st c�rfv�r��e��t�rrraz�c�fi6�r r��tr�rc�rk 7"c��1f1. E�strra��t�d c��5t��ee��s rrad�c�le�en�.� ~ , Access Node{POP) Low A�erage High Cost +Cast I Cast Communication Huts $��6,�{70 $334,000 ��2,000 Generators $7�;t�QO $126,000 $182,000 Network Router $15,Ot�Q $20,000 $25,000 Network Switch $2,500 '$5,000 $7,500 Patch Panel ��0 �300 $500 TransponderG�rd�� $S,t��J�I� $7,500 $10,000 Network Trans��iVer $100 $300 $500 Mounting Hardwar��ables, ��ttery&Cabine� $300,000 $315,000 $330,000 Circuit Breaker Kit $75 $113 $150 Batt�ry�r�+��tifier System $20,000 $27,500 $35,000 1��uvork Node $220,000 $260,000 $300,000 $958,775 $1,095,713 $1,232,650 �� e Pcal��y ��rr��r��c�r�� t� ��pc��t �rc��dk��r�d ��p�r��i�r� 6.1� P��mcy ]s��.�� a�� c:��ic��a�s 6.1.2 Assess ar�d Implerner�t Smart City Capa�ilities Cities may increase operational efficiency by incrementally adopting cutting-edge broadband- based municipal services such as smart parking meters, smart traffic systems, digital information kiosks, smart energy-efficient lights, smart security and monitoring systems, among other services. Smart city services will allow Redding to provide services optimizing human;res�urces and offering more detailed data on the provision and use of these automated services. Th��ity may assess the feasibility (including both technical and financial aspects} of implementing and at��t�fiirr�smart city services and establishing partnerships with Internet service providers and technologj%ct�mpanie��o launch pilot projects in the city. 6.1.2 �ase fo� �ra�c�band lr�f�astr�cturc Deplca��r��s Local governments should promote and si��i�c�rt expansion of high-cap�eity middle-mile (fiber- optic backbone) and high-speed last-mile (wireline ant�wireless)-r��tworks to rea��`esidential, business and industrial broadband customers in bc�th urban and rur��f are�s.The city can reach t��tto public utilities and/or ISPs to provide ubiquitous relia�l�:�nd high-speed ��`��di�and Internet access. For that purpose, permit and authorization processes shou�d pr't�v�t�e detailed guic��nce and timely responses for requests of broadband infrastructure deploym�tt'C� and ;i�stallation o€ ,telecommunications equipment. Additionally,the city can implement policies�imed to r�t��i�e barrier��rtd streamline the permit process for broadband infrastructui'� d��lc�yments ant��acility up��ai��. It is ��so important to find a balance between proper land�as�c�esignati��,based on tl��su��inable��erm�nt of the general plan,and growing needs of broadband services in the ci�y: 6.1,3 Priari��l��e�s for Br��b��t��;l��r`��uct�r��ployrr�ents TF�� city may it�et�t�fy priority areas for br��d�iand deployments based on local needs (i.e., for residenti��,business and ind�istrial serui�es) and/or least attention from ISPs.The city can work together with public �ntities, non-govet��rnent or�ar�izations, and business associations, among other interested parties, to identify priority areas ar��! develop:�trategies for addressing broadband needs. In the case of residential broac�b�nd services, n�eds may include broadband services to enable work-related applications for telecz�rnmuting and telehealth applications, to high-quality entertainment applications and Internet-of-things a�r��icatior��,ln the case of business and industrial broadband services, high-speed and high-quality services�r�e pa�r�mount for local businesses to thrive in the growing digital economy; as they allow incorporating bro��b�nd Internet-based services and applications into daily processes. These may include services that provide access to a variety of competitive suppliers regardless of geographical location, automated logistics and coordination systems across companies' production and distribution processes, advertising to nationwide and global markets, and providing direct communication from company to customers,and vice versa,among other areas.The identified priority areas and needs should include future growth over the next decade. f��; 6,1.4 Par�rters�ips fc�r �raadband lr�frastruct�are Projects The City of Redding should encourage the Redding Electric Utility to explore the option to provide fiber internet service and ISPs to expand broadband infrastructure and services to address the identified priority areas and needs. The city may develop a comprehensive data set of available broadband-related city-owned assets (called a broadband asset inventory), and make this information available to the public through an online map viewer.The city may lease some of these ass�t�to support expansion of broadband services. The city may also evaluate options for establishing p�r"�r��rships with the REU and ISPs for the deployment of municipal smart city services and, at th� sai�i� ;time, support the deployment of infrastructure to provide cutting-edge residential, busine"s�;�nd indt��trial broadband services. The city may also support deployment of the last-mile elern�r�t (to reach fin�l customers) using high-speed broadband technologies which may include but are'nc�t limited to fiber rrptics, cable, fixed wireless, 4G and 5G (small cells) mobile wireless, millimeter-w��r�and television white spa�+��(TVWS), among others, using terrestrial facilities or unmanned aerial system (UAS) platfc�rms. New de�lc�yments should also accommodate future expansion of infrastructure bas"�d on grc��±tw�ng broadband �ustomer and speed demands, changes in technology and f�iti�re utility provid��s: �?"�artnerships may also b� established with other public utilities and state organit�itic�r�� (i,e., Caltrans). �tc� find efficiencies and synergies when deploying infrastructure in public rights-o�-vuay{Pi��3W). 6.1.5 Prar�ote �raadb�r��rvices Adop��t�n ta Fost��or�omic��veloprr�en� The City of Redd�rtg may pra�tc�te and su�pttrt �a�rtnershi��k�etween ISPs and public and private entities for broadband inF�astructure t��ployments anc� broadband adoption programs in fields including, but not limited to, educa�ic�n, he��t� care, agri�u�ture, manufacturing, economic and workforce development� trib�! commurtiti�s� �r�d'�rrierge.ncy setuices. Adoption programs may include digital literacy tr�ir�i�ig,bro�db�nd servi��=implementati�n as�fool for strategic and everyday work processes, implerr`�er�t�tion of online:s�ruice c��iabilities accessi#�1e to all residents, and training of a new digital wo rkforce,; �a� Pral�c;��s ��r �r��r��i�� Cr��rc��a��T�I��;��r��ar�i��A��s �r�f��s�r�a�:�� This subsection presents a summary of recommended policies that may guide use of resources and promote expansion of m�c��rn:k�r`t��dband Internet services. The policies established herein may guide incorporating smart city cap�bilities in Redding and defining strategies for achieving modern policies and efficient permit processes for promoting expansion and upgrading of broadband infrastructure and services in accordance with the city's sustainability and land use policies and regulations, among others. These policies also promote cooperation between the city's public works, public utilities and ISP's broadband infrastructure projects to find synergies and achieve efficiencies. These policies are based on best practices from cities and counties in California (i.e.,City of Morgan Hill50 and County of Santa Cruzs1) so Tellus Venture Associates, Blum,S., City of Morgan Hi112035 Generat Plan—Telecommunications lnfrastructure Final Report. 12 September 2016. http://www.tell usventu re.com/down loads/morga n_hi I I/morgan_h il I_telecommu n ications_i nfrastructu re_fi na I_re port_12sep2016.pdf s1 California Broadband Council. (2014,January 15). California Sroadband Council-Overcome local barriers to deployment and adoption. Retrieved from County of Santa Cruz-Recommended Actions to Expand Broadband: http://broad bandcou nci I.ca.gov/uploaded Fi(es/Content/News/Sa nta%20Cruz%20Cou nty%206road ba nd%20Updat e.1-28-2014.pdf ,%�.� Additionally,some of these recommendations are based on policies and ordinances of other counties and cities such as the City of San Jose and County and City of San Francisco. 6,2,1 D�g-C�r�ce Policy Depending on the approach taken regarding dig-once policies, they can help local governments and utility companies to work together to identify project synergies and to optimize resources for installation of conduit as part of county or city projects. A white paper by the Columbia Telecommunications Corporation (CTC) summarizes the followi�g general approaches for dig-once policiesSZ: • Requiring an excavator who applies for a permit ir��h� pu��i�,right-of-way to notify utilities and other relevant entities (e.g., telecom companies �nd ISPs} �k�c�ut the excavation project and coordinate their participation. • Requiring an excavator to install empty ct��rz�uit for future use ��l�c� called "shadow conduit" installation policy). Depending on the poli��t,�he excavator or the jurise�'r�tion may then lease that excess conduit capacity. • Undertaking a longer-term process, coordinatin�i�ulti-y��plans with excava�t�rs. During meetings with local governm�r�'t;afficials in the�r��rthern California region,a common point of discussion was deciding when laying canduit u+�r�s technically�rtd�inancially feasible without interfering with timelines and operations on the main ��tcavatit��i�roject. Addt'��sing this topic requires evaluating several factors and conducting a:feasibility ari�l�€sis cover�n�the follou�i�tg points: • Technical feas-�bility; maxirnii�n�availabl��r`e�t�t�r�s and"�r��i�ing high-priority areas; • Developing a te��t�ical speci��tion for th�t�i��once conduit; and • Developing an eng�r��ring cc�st model to est�r�tate the incremental costs of the dig-once conduit. 6.2,2 D�ri��ci�i�r�nc�iait Speci��ior�s Ct�.n�luit specifications allow Icica� governments, utility companies and ISPs to estimate costs of adding cond+uit in an excavat€t�n projec� in public rights-of-way, and carry out efficient planning and deployment o��it�er optics on sta�d�rd con�l�i�t deployments.Tnese specifications can be developed and implemented in }2e�ding and wou��t"achieve even higher efficiencies if adopted in a county or across an entire region. Conduit specificatior��include requirements and recommendations such as size, type and material of the conduit;��snduit ir��t�llation and placement in the trench parameters, depth and distance from utility infrastructure, ua�i�t installation parameters, and minimum distance between vaults or manholes, among other items.These specifications must be reviewed by public works departments to assess feasibility and practicality of such installations in a specific geographic area. 6,2,3 Mas��r �ease Agre�mer�t The purpose of this lease agreement is to reduce processing time and complexity for leasing a local government's broadband-related assets.A lease agreement allows for the installation,operation and maintenance of ISPs'telecommunications equipment on city-owned assets.To maximize effectiveness of Sz Columbia Telecommunications Corporation. (2017,April). ctc technotogy&energy. Retrieved from Technical Guide to Dig Once Policies: http://www.ctcnet.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/CTGWhite-Paper-Dig-Once- 20170414.pdf �!�.�a using a master lease agreement, the local government needs an up-to-date inventory of assets, which may include land, public rights-of-way, conduit, buildings, utility poles, light standards, towers, and any other property.This inventory must be publicly available for ISPs to review so they can assess the assets that they might want to lease, based on their broadband deployment planning. The agreement must include fee structures,agreement duration, renewal terms,access and responsibilities of the parties, and co-location rights, among other legal requirements. �.�,�- ��C��1`Yi�3Il� 1��}�}IIC��IOI� �1"OC�SS c�IIC� ��f"tTl{� �E'2S Streamlining the processes involved in deploying broadband infrastructure allows for faster expansion of broadband infrastructure and services in the city. Addi�i��ally, charging at-cost permit fees might contribute to a competitive broadband service pricing in tki�region. In the context of rural northern California,with its lower population densities,geographically s�ir��d households and,in some cases,harsh geography, broadband deployment and operation are mare��pensiu�than in urban areas of California. This results in higher broadband prices and lower speed'�f`fers.Some ISP�in the Northern California region identified county or city asset leases and permit e��nditures as signifiear��k operating expense drivers. Some options to address these issues include char�i�r�discretionary planning�i�rmits at cost,or removing requirements for broadband infrastructure within t�ie�aublic right-of-way to okit�in a discretionary land use permit.Other identified issues to address indude I��ic�use regut�tions and land us�permits for certain broadband facilities (i.e. cabinets, racks,in�ireless facilitiesj�iith�r�.��re public right-of-w�y: �.� ��r�p��=��.��rr�r��r��c�rr�s �l�r��r��.h� Cifiy�a��r�� r��r�� Pl�r� LS, LI�IES� �� S Goal T-1: Promcrte implement��ion of muni�ip�� smart city �apabilities and broadband-based services tt�increase opw€rational e��iency Goal T-2: Promote e�FFicient ��t�w�nsion of b�t�a�dband infrastructure to provide high-speed bro��kaand Int�rne,t�er�r'rc� � ��I �`-1; �r�rr��t"��r�pl�m��tc�n �f €��p�l Srr��rt �it��p�bi�iti��rrd �r��db��d-��s�d 5��s t�t��r��s��p�rati�ri��: fi�iers�y a P�li�y 1`d1o1 (��r�c�� pl�ym�r�t �f ��icip�l S��rt �it� S�r�ic�s) — Promote d�ployment of brc��dband irtfrastructure and services to provide broadband-based mu�ti�ipal smart ci��ervices. ■ ��n �f-��,��Assess potential priority areas for providing smart city services (�.�#, p�rf�i�� meters, traffic systems, information digital kiosks, lights, security and i'��snitoring systems). ■ Rc�� 1`m1>142 � Promote including broadband facilities in all public buildings, major transportation and all public works projects. o P�li�y�w1a2 (��I�p St�r�d�rds)—Develop standards for preparing future construction and developments for broadband facilities and services. ■ �ct��r� T`�182a1 — Develop broadband building and wiring standards to support broadband in new construction and buildings. ■ ��ti�n �"-1m2e2 � Develop smart building requirements for new public, commercial, residential and industrial projects. ��.�� o P�li�y`T-1a3 {Ass�ss Est�bl�shir��F�rfir��rships f�r��r��ir�g��t Pil��s)—Assess potential partnerships with ISPs and technology companies for carrying out smart city pilots in municipal priority areas. ■ A�tio� T'�1.3,1 � Conduct a request for information (RFI) process on smart city projects addressed to ISPs and technology companies. ■ ��t��n T�1s3o2—Conduct a feasibility study to carry out smart city pilot projects including potential partners, project cost, business models, among others. o P�li�� '�1a� { ��i�� ani�i��l S�r�ic�s) — Promote and make all municipal services available online. ■ A�ti��"�1,4a1—Enable all municipal services in the City of Redding portal. � ��I T°�2A Pr�� Efifici��t E�p�rrsi�r� �f �r��db�rrd ��'Fr�str��t�r� t� Pr��id� Fl��hwSp��d �r��db��d I�t�rr��t 5�ruic� o P�li�� T`�2o1 (��1�� Str�t��i� r��b�r�d �C�� - Develop a strategic plan for supporting expansion of high-speed brciai�band infrastrc��t�re and services for residential, anchor institutions, business and ir�c�i�s�rial customers. ■ Acticsn T'�2o1s1 �Work w�t�t {�ublic entities, non-govcri�ment organizations, and business associations,amor��t�ther interested parties,t�asses priority areas and needs of residential, business �tid indu��ri�1 customers a�c� community anchor institutions(educ�tion, public servi��s,.�ublic safety, and healtt�care). ■ Acti�� T'n2a1a2 �- �ased �n the prior�ty areas and needs assessment, develop a master plan to add�-esst��r� including abje�tives,strategies, partners, resources, and timelines, among other iri�pc�rtant plar�r��r��elements. o P�Ei�y T`-2.2� � -�s�c�Pol��y�--�Promote ct�l�aboratioi��t'tong public works departments, utility cctirrtpani�s ��d Interne�,service .p►`t��id�r� to find project planning synergies to optim(ze`resources�i�r installati��f�t�r�duit andJ��f�ber optics as part of city projects. ■ ��r�`��2a2a��Develop ar�d implement a local dig-once ordinance by assessing the�t�tential rple af the city a�td different dig-once policy approaches (i.e., open trench�s�tadc��nr cr�r�clu�t,excess c�pacity utilization, etc.). ■ ��ti�r�7°��2—Develc�p sta�dart�s"for deploying conduit and lateral connections. 1"his will al(c�w for cost estirra�'�ions of the addition of conduit in an excavation project in publ�c�"t�hts-of-way,and efficient planning and deployment of fiber on standard conduit c��ployments. o ��#��y 1`-2a3 �Ac��s t� Pi�bl`s��ss��s�r�d ��{�� st�r l��s�)�Assess feasibility of all�i�ving ISPs to le�se public assets (pubic rights-of-way, land, buildings, ducts, conduit, poles,�owers, etc.j f�r deployment, upgrade or expansion of broadband networks. ■ �� '��:��3 � Develop an up-to-date inventory of broadband related city- owr��ssets and community anchor institutions which might include land,public rights-of-way, conduit, buildings, utility poles, light standards, towers, and any other property. ■ �cti�� `Tffi243,2 — Make the asset inventory available in geographic information system (GIS)format and make it publicly available through an online map viewer and data tables. ■ ��ti�r� 1`-2e3o3 � Develop and implement a master lease aimed to reduce processing time and complexity for leasing the city's broadband-related assets. The agreement must include standard terms such as fee structures, agreement duration, renewal terms, access and responsibilities of the parties, and co- location rignts, among other legal requirements. ��; ■ Act�� -2ff3��— Develop specific procedures for granting access and/or leasing assets in a fair and transparent manner to all interested ISPs. o P�li��1`-2m� {Str��rni�r�� P�rrr�it��d A�th�ri�afiiar� Pr��ss�s)� Ensure transparent and fair permit and authorization processes for all ISPs. Streamline the process of deploying broadband infrastructure to allow faster and timely expansion of broadband infrastructure and services in the city. ■ Act�� `F�2o�a1 � Review and assess current municipal permit and authorization application processes for deployment of broadband infrastructure, including requirements, steps,timelines, and costs associated with the applications. ■ A�ti�n T�2a�o2—Update permit and authorization processes when, based on the assessment,efficiencies and faster process�s can be achieved. ■ A�#��n T�2,Ao3—Require digital plan files i�+�IS format for all upcoming works in PROWs and new developments (i:�:, u��lities, developers, contractors and others). o P�li�y°T-2,5 (Ass�� P�rfir��rships�t�d i��ir��ss �d�1��r I�#r�str��tc�r� ��pl��rr��r�ts) �Assess establishing active partner5�ips with ISPs and ot#��r technology companies for deploying and providing broadbar�d�ervices. ■ A�tw�r� l�m2e5a1 � Assess the;putential role Af the city as ��artner to provide or expand broadband services. ■ Act��rt `�w2.5a� �- Assess potenti�� bi�si�i�ss models for pr�i�it�ing broadband services to pri�r��y�r��s under a pu�il�c-private-partnership model. ■ A�t��n 1"�2,Sa3 ��ssess`�c�tential privat�'partners for carrying out broadband infrastructure deplt�ymentsa Fs�ue requ��ts: for proposals (RFPs) for private partr�ers and explore rt�gotiating;�car example��he use of public assets or permit fe�s�i�r shadow condu'tt cleployri��nts{tj�ater or inner ducts). ■ "�t��n �`-24�� — Explor� p�rtr�erships vwri�h state agencies (i.e., Caltrans) to ��h�i�ve inter��ncy coordir�ation. o P�li�y 7`m2>�,��l�� b�s��f kJ��r��P�abl��r�fr�str��ta�r��r�j�cfis)�Generate a database of irpcctrmiiig �ti�k�lic infrastru�ture projects (i.e., water, sewer, roads, paving, et�:�iri j�ublic righks=c�f-way, irrcli��l�n� lo�a#ion, routes and estimated timelines. ■ ��ti�� T-2e��- Identify anc�,�rack upcoming public infrastructure projects and �� gener��te a data�i��e. ■ A�ti�r� '��e5,2 — �il�ke the upcoming public infrastructure project database available ir�geograph�� information system (GIS) format and through an online map viewer:; o P�li�� i"��,7 {Pr��s�t� V�lid�fii�rr �f �r��dbar�d S��i�e A��il�bility �r�d Sp��d} �- Promot� crc�wc# �r�lidation of broadband service availability and speed for residential, anchor instittatiC�r�s, business and industrial broadband services. ■ A�ti�rt 1°a1�3e1� Promote downloading and using the CalSpeed (or similar state- sponsored applications)for validating broadband service coverage and speed for broadband services in the city. �:� 7e R��r��c�d�t��s t� ��prc�� rc�� r�i�� d�p��r� While broadband access is critical, adoption of broadband services is equally as important. Many community residents in the City of Redding need assistance finding low-cost Internet service, obtaining a computer and learning pertinent skills to navigate the online world successfully. Efforts to meet these needs will help the region to combat the inequitable distribution of broadband to rural areas, referred to as the "digital divide." The digital divide is often more broadly defined as the discrepancy between the availability of technology among socioeconomic or racial/ethnic groups.The divide limits rural residents' access to education,workforce training, healthcare and civic engagement. Providing equipment and training opportunities will all�i�rr users to effectively understand and learn how broadband can improve their ability to conduct busir��s,excel in school,manage their finances, participate in telehealth, apply for jobs, receive vocational tr`��nin��nd function effectively in a digital worid. These skills are critical to educational and care��`success and�re �ccessible to more advantaged families but can be out of reach for disadvantaged �t��'imunities due to sci��oeconomic challenges (e.g., educational background,time impacts of multipl�jc�bs and long commutes). ` Communities and organizations seeking to c�nnect u��rs with equi"pt�ent and access to curriculums should establish partnerships with existing or��i�iza��t�ns�and programs t��'tablish credibility and identify best practices for outreach, �rrnplementation, ft��lc��r-through and success.The following are suggested partners: ��, � • Affordable housing communities • Community action��e�i�`t�s • Center for Healthy�ommt��7ties at CSU,��ric�.�� • Youth developrn��rt agencies • Workforce and on��s�op job tr�a�ning agenci�� • Multi��er�tice agencies • R�it�ry�lub a�tt�:c�ther seevi�e organiz��iti�s by ct�mmunity • �eriior citizen ancl�r��eran's resc�urce and seru#ce centers • Butt�-Tehama Comr�ur�ity Coll��e, , • Local�i�traries • K-12 schc�c�Js. Broadband a(s�transformsthe way small businesses operate,communicate with employees,and interact with customers: �ro�d;�2ind is an important tool for achieving strategic goals, improving competitiveness and efficien�y, reaching customers, and interacting with vendors. Businesses use broadband connections to improve efficiency and productivity, both in their internal processes and their interactions with customers.The capability of and opportunities provide by broadband can translate into profits and producer surplus to businesses with a portion of the gains being passed to consumers. Many businesses throughout the region do not have access to the speeds necessary to conduct day-to-day business. Because of this limited capacity, many smaller businesses are unaware of the growth potential that is attainable if they had better broadband.Economic development organizations,workforce agencies and chambers of commerce are examples of groups that can provide training and information to business owners to increase adoption and plan for growth and sustainability. �� e �c��c�r� This Master Broadband Plan for the City of Redding aimed to provide the following: • A comprehensive assessment of the current landscape of fixed broadband services for residential, business and industrial customers • Recommendations for expanding and upgrading broadband infrastructure and services • Recommendations for developing and implementing local government policies to support broadband infrastructure deployments • Recommendations for improving broadband adoption through establishing partnerships with existing organizations and programs. The recommendations for expanding broadband infra�tr�tcture and upgrading services focus on the Redding Electric Utility(REU)deploying a high-capacity�t��!f�igh-5j�eed fiber optic network.This report presents a high level cost assessment of a fiber optic network�n the Redding Downtown Pilot Project Area. The high level cost assessment for the downtown net�nt��design, after the design and cost optimization, provided a total cost range from $1.9M to $2.7M �rtc� an average of $2.3M. The cost assessment also describes further cost optimization (reduction) t�i�� can be achieved by ass�s�ing additional existing infrastructure that can be used in this fiber networlc deploymenty lt's recomme�►t�ed to have further discussions with the REU and Redding Public Works staff,�rt�ong.€��her potential praj�ctstakeholders. The recommendations for deve��rpir��and implemerttrr�g local policies focus on reducing barriers for new broadband infrastructure deployrments �nd streamlin�n� permit and authorization process in public rights-of-way.The policies included a clig-onc�`�rt�licy,the dev��t�pment of conduit specifications, a master lease agreement, a�c� ,the streamlirt'rng of the �pplicatiori.p�^c�cess and permit fees. Other recommended policies incictt�e��ri�t�rporating srrt�rk city c�.�a�i�l"tti�s in the�Cty of Redding. Finally,a sample of a General Plan-Tele�c�t�'imunication�Element i�alscr p�esented�s a reference. The recommendaCi�sns for imprp�ing broadb�r�d adoption included establishing partnerships with existing organizations and �Irt�grarn� �� tablish cr�dibility and identify best practices for outreach, implementa'�i��n, ft�llcrw-throug� �r�� surce�s, Addific��ally, economic development organizations, workforce�g�ncies ar�cf�hambers c�f commerc� uue�e examples of groups that can provide training and informafiit�n to business ovttritrs to incr��ase adoption �nd to plan for growth and sustainability. Fin�l��,this study also r��cammenc�+�d launching a CaISPEED campaign for residential and business customers to dci�+,�nload and use t�ris applicat"rc�n"to validate actual broadband service coverage and speeds provided by ISPs. ° �:� �e �pp�r�c��s �.� ,��a�r�c�ix � - F3rca��k��r�c� ��r��c:� ��u�rN<� 9.1.2 DovvnstreamJUpstream �roadband Sp�eds (�tlbps� The FCC defines broadband (advanced telecommunicati�rt� capability) primarily in terms of downstream and upstream speeds as 25 Mbps and 3 Mbps53, r�*�p��tively.The CPUC also uses speed as a metric to evaluate broadband service coverage, defining urii��rserrr�d areas to areas were broadband is offered at slower speeds than 6 Mbps downstream and �Mh�ps upstre�r�as4 9.2.1 �upplerr�er�tal Benchmark 11�etrics The FCC currently does not adopt non-speed performanc�metrics in the�ir broadband progress reports (although it recognizes the importance of low la#ciicy ar�i��iigh consistency�t�provide advanced telecomm capability) due to currently 1a��Cing comprehertisiu� data on factors other than speed. The following are supplemental broadbanc�=bencF��arks, describ�d ;in the FCCs 2016 Broadband Progress Report, which in the future will help evalua�ing q�t�l��y-of-service�i�,a more comprehensive manner. L.�:at�=r�r�-Y�� Latency,i�d�f�net��s a measur�rnent of t�e time 'tt takes a data packet to travel through the network. lt �ignificantly impacts the ��rfc�rmance of interactive, real-time applications, including Vo1P, anline gaming,uideoconfere�icing, and VPN platforms. Cc�nsi��°r�c� �� c�nsi�t�ncy ha's� fhe potenti�l tt� si�n��icantly impact whether a service delivers krrc��dband to pr�iuide corts�mers with r��ingful access to interactive advanced services ir►�luding VoIP, telem�dicine, ��td online education applications using high-quality voice, data, graphi�s, and video tel�ct�mmunic��ic�ns. Pc�ck�t Cr�� The Measuring Btciadband America program denotes a packet is lost if the latency exceeds 3 secr��ds or if tt�� acket is never received. Packet losses might affect the perceived quality of phone ca��s ar�rideo conferencing. s3 Federal Communications Commission (FCC).(2016,1anuary).2016 Broadband Progress Report. Retrieved lune 2017,from https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-16-6A1.pdf s4 California Public Utility Commission (CPUC).(2012, May).Forth Annuat DIVCA Report. Retrieved June 2017,from http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/uploadedFiles/CPUC_Public_Website/Content/Utilities_and_Industries/Communications _Telecommunications_and_Broadband/Service_Provider_Information/Video_Franchising/4thDIVCAReportforYear EndingDec2010.pdf ��;�. $�.2 1��r�r�lix �3: 8��#cll�-, ��:�r��{- �r�d ��-�tlil� �r��s�r�d ��a��ic�� This subsection describes current and new broadband technologies used by ISPs for middle-, second- and last-mile broadband networks. For this report, the definitions of middle-, second- and last- mile network segments follow the basic network structure from the FCC's Broadband Availability Gap Paperss,shown in Figure 31. Based on an initial assessment of last-mile broadband networks and providers in the City of Redding and regional Internet fiber-optic backbones and providers, it is assumed that most broadband networks in the City of Redding consists only of middle- and last-mile network segments; therefore not including the second-mile network segment.The seccirt�-rnile segment is mostly used in the case of fixed wireless broadband services, which aggregate t#A�f�ic from several towers deployed in cascade configuration and sparsely located. The middle-mile segment provides transport ant�transmission c��data communications from an aggregation point (i.e., central office, cable headend ar�nrireless switching��tion)to an Internet point of presence. Last-mile segment provides transport and transmission of dat� communications from a broadband modem provided by a local ISP to the fi��t aggregation point in t�te'n�twork (i.e., remote terminal,wireless tower, or HFC node}. 3C ^ w, � � g � �raac��a�rid prt�vider Br��db��c�prc�vide� Brc��€�k��d � �ccess � ��`,•'�� P�a��ic 1�aterr��t �csr�r��icir� �, ,��' 1 ° ' r�ia�c3��rn�l� pr°�'i�� I��t�ai1e} � tr�r�s�acs�-t sec�arrd�i1� � � t�`��p��i"t ��re�a�"se�r� �9ctder�i ne�de 3ri�errret � {dsl�rn. g��e�+,+�y c�kr�e r�t�de, �B�eerir��xc$��r�g�� tc.} T�EfI��[�I�i3t�t�a � 3�et�r�it�I�at� t�#' nt�nt:Pc�b�ic ir�tern�t ccsnt�r�t th�t is(�osted by mt�l�i�ii�s��tic�pravaclers,c.�aaat�rat'�rcavit�er�arsd atts�r er��ati�s in�z� 9r�phically�l�v� {wcar�dwide}mar�rr�r ;� Se�t �#g�te�«��.�Icase�t p�eir�a� int b�:�een brea�dt�a�ad gsrzsv'sd�r arid�ubl'sc Ir�ters�et��ir a givere c�ca�um�r cann�ctresra � �icsk t�e �n s nd mi#e a�td tnidc€}e mile:E�rsrad�i�rad�rt�vic��r m��i�ge�6 6e��erceaesn iiie�betw��rs anidt6le arsd last m€�� 9at�crra nrs :�ir�t�ggr at��s�s�ir�t fisa brc,aclta�rac�t�rr�vi€��s Ce.g.[}��i,c��ie rscsc9e,sate�Si�e,etc.j � �ceder�€s:�ustoaner pr�€ni ec�ui�s€neart�CPE)typi�a�By reaa�age��sy a t�r�r�teitraesd prcavi€i�r�s kta�9a��c�snnectscsea p�airst ta th� ma€aag�d n�i+nrarrk(e.g.L�SL mod�rn;c��s9�mac�ern,s�t�l�ete ra�eral�rra,tag��i�t n��wvricia�g t� irral({�P3T�,e�c.� � �ca�ssu�ner si�v'sc�,�ere�ss�m�e d�vi��rsnecE�:d tea mcs�lerr�tlarc�ssgh ia�t�et��!�rire t�r�i-F�{fi�m��s�twsaikine��,inc�aar�ir�z� har�iv�ar�and fi�war�us�d��a access Che I€�terese�and pr��s c€rratent�c�a�terrts�r-ri�a�rr�c��d� �ir�cr��.�2. �crs�c rr�tusa�rk s��crctaare frc�rr� FC`C"��"h��rr��c�b�r�c�Avc�Pl�bility�cr��'�a,�� Commonly deployed middle-mile transport technologies include fiber optics, microwaves and satellite links. In 2010, the majority of central offices (approximately 95%) and nearly all cable nodes connected to the Internet through fiber-optic links. Once the transport requirement reaches 155 Mbps ss Federal Communications Commission (FCC).(2010,April). The Broadband Availability Gap-OBI Technica!Paper N0.2. Retrieved from https://transition.fcc.gov/national-broadband-plan/broadband-availability-gap-paper.pdf ��, and above, the only effective transport mode is using a fiber-optic-based transmission backbone. Microwave and other terrestrial wireless technologies are well suited only when aggregated data is of a few hundred Mbps and relatively short middle-mile runs of S to 25 miles. However, microwave backhaul may be a critical transport component in the second-mile segment in the case of fixed wireless networks. The following subsections describe most current technologies used for last-mile networks including wireline, wireless, and mobile technologies. It also describes new and innovative technologies, induding some that are still in testing stage and are not commercia[1y�vailable yet. 9.2a1 l�ttirel�ne Broadband Wireline broadband includes digital subscriber I�ne (bSL), cab��.modem and fiber-to-the-home. These technologies are primarily deployed in dense t�rk��n areas. Deployrrt�rit and coverage limitations of these technologies indude access to right-of-way�r�t�high costs of rolling under�round lines. Digita)Subscriber Line(DSL) DS� is defined as broadband seruice provided ov�r tr��J��t��nal copper telephc�rte lines (without disrupting regular telephone calis)already i�st�lled to homes a�id businesses.According to the FCC's 2016 Broadband Progress Report56,this technc�lcsgy��;'��e second most common service type with roughly 29% of the fixed broadband market. DSL offers tih�follov�in�speedss': a) DSL over loops of�:2,E1C�C},feet: Uses A[�5L2/ADSL�+ti%provide �ates of 6 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstre�rn, �"o pri�irit�e faster s�e�ds, t7��: opera�t�r� can bond loops (over 30 Mbps if sufficient number�of copper lci�ps are avai�ablc)and continu�to shorten loop lengths (see loops of 5,000 feet or 3,t3t3(l feet). b) DSL over loops of 5;t�t�t�or 3,t�C��f�et.Typicall�r uses VDSL2 to provide 35 Mbps downstream and 6 Mb��u�st��am over��t�t�'foot li�c�ps, and 2£�1�/lbps downstream and 4 Mbps upstream over 5;�t(�Cl foot looj�. � � Lr��tions of this ��c�nology ��r�`clude speed sensitivity to distance to central offices, not expanding of tr�ditional telepho:r��lines so t�r�DS�footprint is not growing,and not providing higher date rates for growing speed demands t��fSOMbps, 100Mbps and higher. Cable Modem Uses coaxial cab(�� alre�i�y installed by cable television operators to deliver video and sound. Cable modem can provide at l��st 1.5 Mbps and up to tens of Mbps and a few Gbps (cable networks upgraded to DOCSIS 3.1) downstream58, and a few Mbps to 1 Gbps upstream. This technology provides the most common fixed broadband service in the United States accounting for around 59% of all fixed broadband customers. Benefits of this technology include large coverage areas for consistent fast speeds with low packet loss and latency. Limitations include low numbers of or single cable broadband providers in most areas. s6 Federal Communications Commission (FCC).(2016,1anuary).2016 Broadband Progress Report. Retrieved lune 2017,from https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-16-6A1.pdf 57 Federal Communications Commission (FCC).(2010,April). The Broadband Availability Gap-OBI Technical Paper N0.1. Retrieved from https://transition.fcc.gov/national-broadband-plan/broadband-availability-gap-paper.pdf 58 Federal Communications Commission (FCC).(2010). National Broadband Plan. Retrieved from FCC-National Broadband Plan: https://www.fcc.gov/general/national-broadband-plan �a�� Fiber Optics Fiber-optic technology converts electrical signals carrying data to light and sends the light through transparent glass fibers of a few microns. Fiber-based service can provide downstream speeds of around 20 Mbps to speeds around a few Gbps and upstream speed of around 5 Mbps to a few hundred Mbps. There are three basic types of FTTP deployments: point-to-point(P2P)networks,active Ethernet networks and passive optical networks (PON). PON makes up more than 94%c�f the residentia) FTTP (fiber-to-the- premises) deployments in the United States59. Benefits of fiber inclut�� proving consistently high speeds and transmitting at large distances without signal degradationx"Lirnitations include requirement of new infrastructure, in comparison to DSL and cable modem t��Crig alt�e�dy deployed telephone and cable television infrastructure. 9.2.2 Fixed Wireless �roadband Fixed wireless broadband indudes Wi-Fi, tNi1�11AX and �TE. These te��it�talogies are primarily deployed in areas were wireline technologies do n�t �tave c�rmplete coverage sucn as rural areas. Deployment and coverage limitations ti��hese technologic��cc�rn�from obstructions {�,e. terrain and/or vegetation) between the antenna at the�us�t�rner premises��td:the access point or base station located at a pole or tower.These obstructions car�prev�nt t�r disrupt cornr�unications in fixed wireless radio links by causing attenuation, scattering, diffractitsn and abs�irj�tion of el�ctrt�magnetic waves. Wi-Fi Wi-Fi (IEEE 8C��w9:1 Standard�,operates in �r►�icensed bar�ds'(2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz) and was originally designed for wirele�s local ar��networks(�tV�.ANs)to enable communication among devices and stations in a range from te�� to � f�w„hundred f��t, however, in the last few years, equipment manufactur��.d�velc�ped Wi-Fi #��se� iong ��tge solu�i�ns reaching several miles coverage. Wi-Fi can provide ��gr�gated da��tes of up to 600 M6ps�'�llovving it to provide downstream speeds of a fiew Mbps tc�:�ens of Mbps. Ben�*fits of V\/i-�i indude lovu eost of access points (APs) and customer premise equipment {�PEs) due to la��;�econorr��s of scale achieved by this technology. �imitations include potential int�r`f�rence leading t�a signal degradation due to operating in a widely used unlicensed spectrum. WiMAX WiMAX (IEEE 802.�.6�fi��rclard} emerged as a high-capacity and long-range technology (up to 30 miles) for the provision of fixed'and mobile broadband services for wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN) and operates using licensed and the unlicensed bands. WiMAX was one of the technologies chosen by the ITU for providing IMT-Advanced services or 4G mobile services61. It achieves aggregated data rates up to 350 Mbps allowing it to provide speeds up to tens of Mbps downstream to customers. Limitations include low varieties of base stations (BSs) and CPEs due to most mobile operators and 59 Federal Communications Commission(FCC). (2010,April). The Broadband Availability Gap-OBI Technical Paper N0.1. Retrieved from https://transition.fcc.gov/national-broadband-plan/broadband-availability-gap-paper.pdf 6o Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE).(n.d.). IEEE Standards Association. (IEEE) Retrieved from http://standards.ieee.org/ 61 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers(IEEE).(n.d.). IEEE 802.16"":Broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks(MANs). (IEEE Standards Association) Retrieved from http://sta nda rds.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.16.htm I �� equipment manufactures shifting to LTE due to larger worldwide adoption of this technology for 4G mobile services. LTE Long-Term Evolution (LTE)was designed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)group for mobile communications in densely populated areas (see mobile broadband). �TE has also been used to provide fixed broadband services in rural areas. LTE can achieve aggregated data rates up to 300 Mbps allowing it to provide speeds up to tens of Mbps downstream to customers. For benefits and limitations see LTE in the Mobile subsection. 9.�03 Mobile Broadbar�d Mobile broadband indudes packet-based data t�chnologi�s such as 2G (GPRS, EDGE and CDMA2000), 3G (WCDMA, HSDPA, HSPA and CDMPc��(I�3 EV-DO), and 4G ��TE and WiMAX). Although evolution of these technologies has made mobile bi'�i�dband services much mc�re versatile and useful to consumers by providing mobility and portability,'t�ere are important differ�r��es between mobile and fixed broadband. Mobile transmissions, due to using vdireless spe�trum, operat� under environmental factors that can impact the consistency of coverage ��id s��ec�s. These technolt��es are primarily deployed in densely populated urban at'e�s.and in a smalC�r sca�� in rural areas. Coverage limitations of mobile broadband come from obstructi�n,5(i.�a terrain andjorv�getation) between base stations located at towers and mobile devices, and availabi{i��r and�cc�ss to licen��d spectrum. Legacy Technologies(2G and�G) These mobile fe��nologies,include pacl�ct�,ba�ed data s�r�ri��s that evolved from the GSM and CDMA mobile technol�i�i�s. For GSIVi, these tech�ic�lc�gies include: �PRS and EDGE (100-130kbps data rates), UMTS or WDCMA ��2Q-320kb�s), HSPA (seve�al Mbps). For CDMA these technologies include: CDMA2000 (3Q71G8PS), CDMA�f�QQ ��/�C}C�:�3.1 Mbps}: Limitations of these legacy technologies include low speeds in �cart��r�rison to' n�w generatitari mobi�e broadband and wireline and fixed wireless broadb�t�i�;� � 4G Long-Ter`r�Evolution(LTE) Long-Terrn Evolution (LTE��rras desigr��tl by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)group for mobile commur��ations in dens�ly populated areas and can achieve aggregated data rates up to 300 Mbps allowing to prc��ri�le speeds u�itn tens of Mbps downstream and a few Mbps upstream to customers. The 3GPP group has rele�sed se��ra1 versions of the LTE standard, from the first release (Rel-8 in 2008) to LTE-Advanced (Rel-11)�'�. .�.T� was one of tne tecnnologies chosen by the ITU for providing IMT- Advanced services or 4G mobiie services, and operates in the same bands as its predecessor GSM, in addition to other bands. Most common LTE bands range from 700 MHz to 3.8 GHz. Benefits of this technology include data rates in some cases comparable to wireline and fixed wireless broadband services and providing flexible network design allowing combination of macro- and micro- cell sites to cover demand needs of specific geographical areas. Limitations include purchasing new devices that support LTE service and plans that might include data caps. 4G WiMAX 62 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP).3GPP A G(obal Initiative. (3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)) Retrieved from http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/98-Ite ��} WiMAX was one of the technologies chosen by the ITU for providing IMT-Advanced services or 4G mobile services63. It achieves aggregated data rates up to 350 Mbps allowing to provide speeds up to tens of Mbps downstream to customers. �imitations include low varieties of base stations(BSs) and CPEs due to most mobile operators and equipment manufactures shifting to LTE due to larger worldwide adoption of this technology for 4G mobile services. �,2.4 I�ew Techr�ologies for Middle- and �ast-Mile Millimeter-wave Technology operating in millimeter waves i��urrently used for Fiig}�-speed backhauling(point to point) to connect cell sites or access points �tr provide high-speed Ir��rnet64. There is assigned unlicensed and licensed spectrum for millimeter-vtiw��re technology. The unlic�nsed millimeter-wave spectrum operates in the 60 GHz band (57-66 GHz), ci�'ferin�:7`CHz of bandwid��; and the licensed millimeter-wave operates in the 71-7fi �iHz and 81-86 �I�z,:c�ffering bandwidth frt�m 10 to 80 MHz, although for shorter distances. Equiprn�rit inrt�rking on the��ands is affected by heavy atmospheric absorption, which limits range of oper�t'tt�ns bu# also unwant�t� interference. Millimeter-wave can achieve up to 2.5 Gbps for a mile point to�ic�int radii�lir�k. Unmanned Aircrafts The initiative o�i��ing solar-�c��vered unmt��tr��d aerial vel�icles(UAVs),also known as drones, flying at 12 miles above th�ground �ti� provide Internet service in unserved areas is currently led by Google and F�acebook. In April 2�3�4, C�ogle acqc�i"r�d Titan Aerospace and started the Project SkyBendeir; urr�iic�i �s'ctarrently te�`tiing dror�� ia�ing millimeter wave technology to transmit at data rates �iig�ter than 4G L7E65. In March 201�, �acebook acquired Ascenta, UK-based drone manufac�urer, and is alsa currently t�sting solar-powered drones using free space optics (high- powered la��r,beams) to ach"t��re high t��ta rate transmissions66. It is likely that both Google and Facebook will us�these narrow ki��m and high-frequency technologies (millimeter-wave and lasers) as high-capacity {��cl�hauls and c��lier mobile and fixed wireless technologies (mentioned above) to connect final custorn�rs. The id�� f using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones to deploy a backhaul network is inrtt�uativ��r�d promising, but it is still in a design and testing stage with no current commercial deployr�i�ri�s. Unmanned Super-Pressure Balloons Delivering broadband services using super-pressure balloans travelling in the stratosphere is a Google X initiative known as the Project Loon.This project will allow customers in rural and remote 63 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers(IEEE).IEEE 802.16T"':Broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks(MANsJ. (IEEE Standards Association) Retrieved from http://sta nda rds.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.16.htm( 64 Dehos,C.,Gonzalez,l., De Domenico,A., Ktenas, D.,& Dussopt, L (2014). Millimeter-Wave Access and Backhauling:The Solution to the Exponential Data Traffic increase in 5G Mobile Communications Systems?IEEE Communications Magazine,88--95. 6s Heilman, D. (2016, February 1). Google's SkyBender Drones Could DeliverSG lnternet. (Sci-Tech Today) Retrieved June 2017,from http://www.sci-tech-today.com/story.xhtml?story_id=13100C11NE20 66 Miners,Z.(2015,1u1y 30). Meet Aquila, Facebook's unmanned Internet drone. (PCWorld) Retrieved June 2017, from http://www.pcworld.com/article/2955212/software-social/facebook-aims-to-launch-unmanned-drone-by- yearend.html �� ,.f areas to connect to the balloons network (in the stratosphere 12 miles above the ground) and then to the Internet67. In the stratosphere, twice as high as airplanes and the weather, there are many layers of steady winds which vary in direction and speed. The balloons will travel to the needed location or route by rising or descending into a layer of wind blowing in the desired direction. To provide the broadband service, the signal from customer's devices connect to a balloon network in the stratosphere, and then down to the global Internet on Earth, just as satellite service works at much higher latitudes, using free space optical (lasers) for the backhaul and radio frequency equipment for the access radio links. For the access radio links,��t�Loon project has conducted tests in rural areas in New Zealand, California and Brazil using both�i�iticensed ISM and licensed LTE bands. In 2014,the Loon project expressed their interest in usin�L�E k��ds and working in partnership with operators and telecommunications companies due to ��e poterttial to achieve universal access targets mandated by countries in a cost-effectiu� rnanner in th� s�ort-term, while fiber-optic backbone and terrestrial networks are being depl�y�d in the long-term. Gigabit Satellite This type of broadband technQlogy is current�y c�'�fe�-�d k�y the company U�k�68 which stands for "Other 3 Billion°. This company ��r��tides satellite corn�t�i�ication backhaul service offering low latency (less than 150ms) and data �`ate� cc�mparable �c� fiber-optic technology. 036 has a constellation of 12 satellites with a gro�it��l perii�c� c�f 360 m'r�iitt�s using the Ka-band providing a coverage of 45 degrees northfsouth latitucf�s.The sat�llites provit�e �:fl beams per region (7 regions) totaling 70 remote beam��ii�th�entire cons��llation. It��n�y is les�than 150 milliseconds due to the use of Medium E�rth�rbit (IVIE�� satellites.�he..rrtaximur�r��i�ilable aggregated throughput per beam (over a single trart��c�nder) is�.:�Gbps(80t3 I�ltbps x 2) and each beam provides coverage of 400 miles. Television t�hit+�Sp�ces�TV WF��t��Spaces) Wh't�e spaces can bc� defined �s part of the spectrum, available for a radio communication applicatian�t a given time in��iven ge�igraphical area on a non-interfering/non-protected basis with regard to prir��ry and other sertiri�es.The�White Spaces technology(IEEE 802.11af and IEEE 802.22 Standards) opera�es in wnite spa�es of the broadcast television spectrum (from 54 MHz to 862 MHz)69. It was desi�r��d for wirel�s�local area networks (WLANs) with a range up to a few miles and wireless regional area�ietworks�WRANs)with a range up to several tens of miles.TVWS can achieve aggregated data rates of�1`��+}r t��ts of Mbps allowing it to provide downstream speeds of a few Mbps. The TVWS technology has fih� advantage of enhanced propagation features due to the use of frequencies bellow 1 GHz allowing for the penetration of walls, vegetation, moderate hills and other obstacles. 67 X(Google X)-Project Loon.Project Loon. (X(Google X)) Retrieved from https://x.companyJloon/ 68 03b Networks.03b Networks-Our Technology. Retrieved June 2017,from https://www.o3bnetworks.com/announcement.php 69 Pietrosemoli, E.,&Zennaro, M. (2013).TV White Spaces-A pragmatic Approach. ICTP-The Abdus Salam International Centre forTheoretical Physics. ��4:� �t�. �I�s.��ry 25/3 Mbps: An Internet connection with a download speed of 25 megabits per second and an upload speed of 3 megabit per second.Also,the speed at which the FCC considers an Internet connection to be broadband. 6/1 Mbps: An Internet connection with a download speed of 6 megabits per second and an upload speed of 1 megabit per second.Also,the speed at which the State of California considers an Internet connection to be broadband. ADSL2+: The next step up from standard ADSL that generally prouides a faster Internet speeds. Providers of ADSL2+in Redding indude AT&T and PAETEC CoCrtrTtU`r�ications. Asymmetric DSL: A DSL line where the upload speed is different from the download speed. Usually the download speed is much greater. Providers of asymm�tri�DS�include AT�T and Earthlink. Backbone: A high-speed line or series of connections that forms a major pathway within a network. Bandwidth: The capacity for data transfer of an electronic communications system. bps: A measurement of how fast data is moved from one place to another via a network or Internet connection. Broadband: High-speed Internet access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access. Broadband Assets: Gc��c��'r►ment c�t�uned assets that rn�y�ss��t`r��he deployment of broadband infrastructure. Exampi�s�nclude tow�rs or tall buildi�gs'that may be�rsed to deploy wireless infrastructure and rights-c��-�ray to ruin i►ndergrount��anduit and fiber-optic cables. Cable Modem t�t�CSIS (Data:l�u�r C�#�Ie 5�rvice Int�rface Specification): An international telecommunications standard that permits the addition of hign-bandwidth data transfer to an existing��le TV system.�� Cloud computing: The use of a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data. An alternative to tne established practice of storing and processing data on a dedicated server or computing machine. Coverage: The geograp�ti��l areas in which an ISP provides Internet connections. CPUC: The California Public Utilrties Commission.The CPUC regulates services and utilities, protects consumers, safeguards the environment, and assures Californians' access to safe and reliable utility infrastructure and services.The essential services regulated include electric, natural gas, telecommunications,water, railroad, rail transit, and passenger transportation companies. Digital Divide: A measurement of technological equality in access to and adoption of broadband that provides metrics by census tract and county. �x�.. Download: An act or instance of transferring something(such as data or files)from a usually large computer to the memory of another device (such as a smaller computer) over a network or Internet connection. Downstream: Data sent from a network service provider to a customer via the Internet. DS�(Digital Subscriber �ine): A category of technologies that transmit digital data over telephone (ines. Providers of DSL include AT&T, PAETEC Communications, and Earthlink. FCC: The Federal Communications Commission.The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio,television,wir�,satellite, and cable in all 50 states,the District of Columbia and U.S.territories. An independ�r�t=�T.S.government agency overseen by Congress,the Commission is the federal agency responsib#�fc��implementing and enforcing America's communications law and regulations. Fiber-optic cable: A type of cable used for very high speed data transmission. Fiber-to-the-premises/fiber-to-the-home (Fl"i`P,�FTTH):The installation and use of optical fiber from a central point directly to individual buildings such as residences, apartment buildings and businesses to provide high-speed Internet access. Fixed broadband: High-speed data tran�nnis�it�n to homes and�usinesses using technologies such as T1,cable, DS�and FiOS.The term exdudes thQ ceit�alar data marke�. Fixed wireless: The operation of wireless communication devices or systems used to connect two fixed locations with a radio or other wireless link. Gbps (gigabits per second): A measi�t`ement, in t�rms of gigabits, of how fast data is moved from one place to another via a netwc�r�t�r Int�t'r��connection:�1 gigabit equals 1,000 megabits. ILEC(Incc►�kl+e�t'��oc��l��xchang�+�arrier): A��ca��telep�one company which held the regional monop�il}r:on landline ser�ic�befor�th�market wa�t��ened to competitive local exchange carriers, or the corpara��successor of su��a firm. Internet-of-thit�gs; The intercor�r��ction via the Internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling tli��rrm to send ancl r`eceive data. IPTV:The delivery of television ct��i�ent over Internet networks. ISP(Internet Service Provid�r`): An institution/business that provides access to the Internet. Examples of ISPs include AT&T,Comcast, Earthlink, etc. Kbps (kilobits per second): A measurement, in terms of kilobits, of how fast data is moved from one place to another via a network or Internet connection. �ast-mile: The last segment of the connection between a communication provider(e.g.,telephone company central office, ISP) and the customer(usually residential, but sometimes commercial). <:�� atency: A measurement of the time it takes a data packet to travel through the network. It significantly impacts the performance of interactive, real-time applications, including VoIP, online gaming,videoconferencing, and VPN platforms. �ong-Term Evolution (�TE): A fourth generation (4G) mobile communications standard for the high- speed wireless Internet connection of mobile devices(smartphones,tablets, etc.) Machine to machine: Direct communication between devices through network or Internet connections. Mbps (megabits per second):A measurement, in terms of inegabits, of how fast data is moved from one place to another via a network or Internet connection.A megabit equals 1,000 kilobits. Middle-mile: The network infrastructure that connects las�rn�ile r�etu+rorks to other network service providers, major telecommunications carriers,and the gt-eat�r lnterne�: No service: According to the CPUC standard, areas�rhere broadband is o�F�r�d at slower speeds than 6 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps upstream. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex):A:'fc�rm v��r�nsmission tha�t�ses a large number of close spaced carriers that are modulat�d with low rate d�ta: P2P:A network allowing two or more computers to communicate directly without having to use a router or other centralized server. Packet I.oss: The Measu�i�i�B�rt�at�band Ameri��program�let��s a packet as lost if the latency exceeds 3 seconds or i�th�e packet i�rt�ver receivee(:Pacicet losses rriight affect the perceived quality of phone calls or video con�et'�ncing. Point of pr�s�rt�e:An access point to the Internet and a physical location that houses servers, routers, etc. Also, an interconnection point within fiber-optic networks. Public �ig�tt of Way(PRO�N�.The right to cross property to go to and from another parcel.The right of way may be a specific grant of land or an "easement,°which is a right to pass across another's land. The mere right to cross without a specific description is a "floating" easement. Some rights of way are for limited use such as repair of electric lines or for deliveries to the back door of a store. Served: According to the;�PUC stant�ard, areas where broadband is offered at speeds of at least 6 Mbps downstream and 1 Mbps up��r��rr�:According to the FCC standard, areas where broadband is offered at speeds of at least 25 Mbps dovtwt�stream and 3 Mbps upstream. Telecommuting: Working from home through the use of the Internet, email, and by telephone. Telemedicine:The use of telecommunication and information technology to provide clinical health care from a distance. Throughput: How much stuff you can send through a connection.Throughput is what people usually mean when they use the term "bandwidth" and it is usually measured in bits-per-second (bps)A full � � page of English text is about 16,000 bits.A common configuration of DS�allows downloads at speeds of up to 1.544 megabits(not megabytes) per second, and uploads at speeds of 128 kilobits per second. TVWS (TV White Space): A form of wireless technology that takes advantage of unused TV channels between the active ones in the VHF and UHF spectrum to transmit data. Unserved: According to the FCC standard, areas where broadband is offered at slower speeds than 25 Mbps downstream and 3 Mbps upstream. Upload:To transfer(something, such as data or files)from a computer or other digital device to the memory of another device (such as a larger or remote computerj over a network or Internet connection. Upstream: Data transferred from a customer to a server via t��ltiternet. USDA: The United States Department of Agriculture. VDSL(Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line}:A digital subscriber lir��technology that provides faster data transmission than asymmetric digital s�b�criber line. AT&T is the c�nly VDSL provider in Redding. Video on demand (VoD): A system in which viewers choose their own filmed entertainment, by means of a PC or interactive N system,from a wide selection. VoIP technology: A technology that allow��ou t�tri�l�e voice cal��using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular(or analog) phc�ne line. ': ��`�